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to be one of the elite

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1 elite

elite [ɪ'li:t], élite [eɪ'li:t]

1 noun

élite f;

∎ the elite of society l'élite de la société;

∎ to be one of the elite faire partie de l'élite

2 adjective

d'élite

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > elite
2 the establishment

(the people and institutions that control power or are dominant in a society and stick to traditions; one of these institutions: The hippies rebelled against the Establishment; the political/literary establishment.) valsts pārvalde; valdošās aprindas

* * *

valdošā elite; valsts pamati; pārvaldes mehānisms; valdošās aprindas

English-Latvian dictionary > the establishment
3 a finger in the pie

( a (или one's) finger in the pie)

участие в каком-л. деле [часть выражения have a finger in the pie; см. have a finger in smth.]

Nothing's done in the colony without his finger being in the pie. (J. Galsworthy, ‘Caravan’, ‘The Silence’) — В колонии ничего не происходит без его участия.

Other these commuting corporate-government executives are the top policy men of the financial oligarchy, the "Power Elite" - those with their fingers in many corporate pies and in the top councils of government. (V. Perlo, ‘The Empire of High Finance’, ch. XVI) — Над этими должностными лицами, попеременно работающими то в корпорациях, то в правительстве, стоят высшие политические деятели из финансовой олигархии, "правящая элита" - те, чьи руки запущены в пироги многих корпораций и высших правительственных органов.

Large English-Russian phrasebook > a finger in the pie
4 cream

cream [kri:m]

1 noun

(a) (of milk) crème f;

∎ do you like cream in your coffee? vous prenez de la crème dans votre café?;

∎ strawberries and cream des fraises fpl à la crème;

∎ cream of tomato/asparagus soup velouté m de tomates/d'asperges

(b) (filling for biscuits, chocolates) fondant m; (individual chocolate) chocolat m fourré;

∎ vanilla cream (biscuit) biscuit m fourré à la vanille; (dessert) crème f à la vanille; (individual chocolate) chocolat m fourré à la crème

(c) (mixture) mélange m crémeux

(d) figurative (best, pick) crème f;

∎ the cream of society la crème ou le gratin de la société;

∎ they were the cream of their year at university ils formaient l'élite de leur promotion à l'université;

∎ the cream of the crop le dessus du panier

(e) (for face, shoes etc) crème f

(f) (colour) crème m

2 compound-forming noun

(cake) à la crème; (jug) à crème

3 adjective

(colour) crème (inv)

4 transitive verb

(a) (skim → milk) écrémer

(b) Cookery (beat) écraser, travailler;

∎ cream the butter and sugar travailler le beurre et le sucre en crème

(c) (hands, face) mettre de la crème sur

(d) (add cream to → coffee) mettre de la crème dans

(e) familiar (defeat) battre à plate couture, mettre la pâtée à; American (beat up) casser la figure à;

∎ we got creamed 4-0 on s'est fait écraser 4-0

(f) American

∎ to cream the market écrémer le marché

(g) vulgar

∎ to cream one's jeans prendre son pied

5 intransitive verb

(a) vulgar (man → ejaculate) décharger, balancer la sauce; (woman → be aroused) mouiller

(b) (milk) crémer

►► cream bun = petit pain au lait servi avec de la crème chantilly;

cream cheese ≃ fromage m frais;

British cream cracker biscuit m sec;

cream eyeshadow ombre f à paupières en crème;

cream puff chou m à la crème;

cream sherry sherry m ou xérès m doux;

cream slice = sorte de mille-feuille;

cream soda = boisson gazeuse aromatisée à la vanille;

cream soup velouté m;

Cookery cream of tartar crème f de tartre;

British cream tea = goûter composé de thé et de scones servis avec de la confiture et de la crème;

American Cookery cream of wheat farine f de blé (pour bouillies)

➲ cream off separable transitive verb

(profits) accaparer;

∎ to cream off the best students sélectionner les meilleurs étudiants;

∎ they have creamed off the elite ils se sont accaparé l'élite

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > cream
5 top

top [tɒp]

haut ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (h) sommet ⇒ 1 (a) dessus ⇒ 1 (b) couvercle ⇒ 1 (d) couvrir ⇒ 2 (a) dépasser ⇒ 2 (c) être en tête de ⇒ 2 (d) du dessus ⇒ 3 (a) du haut ⇒ 3 (a) premier ⇒ 3 (b)

(pt & pp topped, cont topping)

1 noun

(a) (highest point) haut m, sommet m; (of tree) sommet m, cime f;

∎ carrot tops fanes fpl de carottes;

∎ top of the milk crème f du lait;

∎ at the top of the stairs/tree en haut de l'escalier/l'arbre;

∎ he searched the house from top to bottom il a fouillé la maison de fond en comble;

∎ British from top to toe de la tête aux pieds;

∎ she filled the jar right to the top elle a rempli le bocal à ras bord;

∎ the page number is at the top of the page la numérotation se trouve en haut de la page;

∎ Stock Exchange to buy at the top and sell at the bottom acheter au plus haut et vendre au plus bas

(b) (surface) dessus m, surface f;

∎ he's getting thin on top il commence à se dégarnir;

∎ just put it on top mets-le sur le dessus;

∎ a cake with a cherry on top un gâteau avec une cerise dessus

(c) (end)

∎ at the top of the street au bout de la rue;

∎ at the top of the garden au fond du jardin

(d) (cap, lid) couvercle m;

∎ where's the top to my pen? où est le capuchon de mon stylo?;

∎ bottle top (screw-on) bouchon m (de bouteille); (on beer bottle) capsule f (de bouteille)

(e) (highest degree)

∎ he is at the top of his form il est au meilleur de sa forme;

∎ at the top of one's voice à tue-tête

(f) (most important position) British

∎ at the top of the table à la place d'honneur;

∎ she's top of her class elle est première de sa classe;

∎ someone who has reached the top in their profession quelqu'un qui est arrivé en haut de l'échelle dans sa profession;

∎ it went right to the top (complaint, request etc) cela est remonté jusqu'au sommet;

∎ Theatre to be (at the) top of the bill être en tête d'affiche;

∎ to reach the top of the tree arriver en haut de l'échelle;

∎ it's tough at the top! c'est la rançon de la gloire!;

∎ this car is the top of the range c'est une voiture haut de gamme;

∎ Irish top of the morning! bien le bonjour!

(g) British Cars (fourth gear) quatrième f; (fifth gear) cinquième f;

∎ she changed into top elle a enclenché la quatrième/la cinquième;

∎ in top en quatrième/cinquième

(h) (garment) haut m;

∎ does this top go with my skirt? est-ce que ce haut va avec ma jupe?

(i) (beginning)

∎ play it again from the top reprends au début;

∎ let's take it from the top commençons par le commencement;

∎ at the top of the fifth (inning) (in baseball) au début de la cinquième manche

(j) (toy) toupie f;

∎ to spin a top lancer ou fouetter une toupie;

∎ British to sleep like a top dormir comme un loir

(k) (idioms)

∎ to come out on top avoir le dessus;

∎ British familiar he doesn't have much up top il n'est pas très futé;

∎ the soldiers went over the top les soldats sont montés à l'assaut;

∎ familiar to blow one's top piquer une crise, exploser

2 transitive verb

(a) (form top of) couvrir, recouvrir;

∎ a cake topped with chocolate un gâteau recouvert de chocolat;

∎ snow topped the mountains les sommets (des montagnes) étaient recouverts de neige

(b) British (trim) écimer, étêter;

∎ she was topping the carrots elle coupait les fanes des carottes;

∎ to top and tail gooseberries équeuter des groseilles

(c) (exceed) dépasser;

∎ production topped five tons last month le mois dernier, la production a dépassé les cinq tonnes;

∎ he topped her offer il a renchéri sur son offre;

∎ his score tops the world record avec ce score, il bat le record du monde;

∎ his story topped them all son histoire était la meilleure de toutes;

∎ and to top it all et pour comble (de malheur), et en plus de tout cela;

∎ British that tops the lot! ça, c'est le bouquet!

(d) (be at the top of)

∎ the book topped the best-seller list ce livre est arrivé en tête des best-sellers;

∎ she topped the polls in the last election aux dernières élections, elle est arrivée en tête de scrutin;

∎ topping the bill tonight we have… le clou de cette soirée est…;

∎ to top the charts (record, singer) être à la première place ou en tête des hit-parades

(e) British familiar (kill) buter, zigouiller;

∎ to top oneself se suicider^□, se foutre en l'air

3 adjective

(a) (highest) du dessus, du haut, d'en haut;

∎ the top floor or storey le dernier étage;

∎ the top shelf l'étagère du haut;

∎ the top button of her dress le premier bouton de sa robe;

∎ in the top right-hand corner dans le coin en haut à droite;

∎ the top speed of this car is 150 mph la vitesse maximum de cette voiture est de 240 km/h;

∎ to travel at top speed (plane, train etc) aller à sa vitesse maximale;

∎ to be on top form être en pleine forme;

∎ British familiar the top brass les officiers mpl supérieurs^□, les gros bonnets mpl;

∎ familiar to pay top dollar or British whack for sth payer qch au prix fort^□ ;

∎ British familiar I can offer you £20 top whack je vous en donne 20 livres, c'est mon dernier prix^□

(b) (best, major) premier;

∎ she got the top mark or came top in history elle a eu la meilleure note en histoire;

∎ the top people (prominent people) les gens mpl en vue; (in an organization) les gros bonnets mpl;

∎ all the top people in New York eat there c'est un restaurant où se retrouve toute l'élite new-yorkaise;

∎ the country's top ten companies les dix premières sociétés du pays;

∎ one of the world's top ten players un des dix meilleurs joueurs mondiaux;

∎ top management la direction générale;

∎ British familiar a family right out of the top drawer une famille de la haute

4 on top of preposition

sur;

∎ the wreckage floated on top of the water l'épave flottait sur l'eau;

∎ suddenly the lorry was on top of him d'un seul coup, il a réalisé que le camion lui arrivait dessus;

∎ we're living on top of each other nous vivons les uns sur les autres;

∎ figurative on top of everything else pour couronner le tout;

∎ it's just one thing on top of another ça n'arrête pas;

∎ don't worry, I'm on top of things ne t'inquiète pas, je m'en sors très bien;

∎ it's all getting on top of him il est dépassé par les événements;

∎ to feel on top of the world avoir la forme

►► familiar top banana (person) huile f, gros bonnet m, grosse légume f;

British top boots bottes fpl hautes;

British top copy original m;

familiar top dog chef m;

∎ he's top dog around here c'est lui qui commande ici;

British top gear vitesse f supérieure;

top hat (chapeau m) haut-de-forme m;

top pupil premier(ère) m,f de la classe;

top rate (of tax) taux m maximum;

Sport top scorer (gen) meilleur(e) marqueur(euse) m,f; Football meilleur(e) buteur(euse) m,f;

top table (at wedding) table f d'honneur;

top ten = hit parade des dix meilleures ventes de disques pop et rock

➲ top off separable transitive verb

(a) British (conclude) terminer, couronner;

∎ and to top off a miserable day, it started to rain et pour conclure cette triste journée, il s'est mis à pleuvoir;

∎ topped off with a cherry garni d'une cerise

(b) American (fill to top) remplir

➲ top out inseparable transitive verb

(building) fêter l'achèvement de

➲ top up British

1 separable transitive verb

(fill up) remplir;

∎ can I top up your drink or top you up? encore une goutte?;

∎ Cars to top up the tank faire le plein;

∎ Cars to top up the battery ajouter de l'eau dans la batterie;

∎ to top up one's life assurance premium augmenter les versements de son assurance-vie;

∎ the government tops up the rest (pays the balance) le gouvernement met l'argent qui manque ou rajoute la différence

2 intransitive verb

Cars (with petrol) faire le plein

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > top
6 few

1. adjective
1) (not many) wenige

few people — [nur] wenige [Leute]

very few housewives know that — das wissen die wenigsten Hausfrauen

his few belongings — seine paar Habseligkeiten

[all] too few people — [viel] zu wenig Leute

few and far between — rar

they were few in number — sie waren nur sehr wenige

a few... — wenige...

not a few... — eine ganze Reihe...

[just or only] a few troublemakers — einige [wenige] Störenfriede

just a few words from you — nur ein paar Worte von dir

2) (some) wenige

a few... — einige od. ein paar...

every few minutes — alle paar Minuten

a good few [...]/quite a few [...] — (coll.) eine ganze Menge [...]/ziemlich viele [...]
2. noun
1) (not many) wenige

a few — wenige

a very few — nur wenige

the few — die wenigen

few of us/them — nur wenige von uns/nur wenige [von ihnen]

few of the people — nur wenige [Leute]

just a few of you/her friends — nur ein paar von euch/ihrer Freunde

not a few of them — eine ganze Reihe von ihnen

not a few — nicht wenige

2) (some)

the/these/those few who — diejenigen, die

there were a few of us who... — es gab einige unter uns, die...

with a few of our friends — mit einigen od. ein paar unserer Freunde

a few [more] of these biscuits — [noch] ein paar von diesen Keksen

a good few/quite a few — (coll.) eine ganze Menge/ziemlich viele [Leute]

* * *
[fju:]
adjective, pronoun

(not many; a very small number of: Few people visit me nowadays; every few minutes (= very frequently); Such opportunities are few.) wenige

- academic.ru/114943/a_few">a few
- few and far between
* * *

few

[fju:]

I. adj

1. attr, inv (some) einige

there are a \few sandwiches left over from the party es sind noch ein paar Sandwiches von der Feier übrig

I've got to get a \few things ich muss ein paar Dinge kaufen

may I ask a \few questions? darf ich ein paar Fragen stellen?

I'll be ready in just a \few minutes ich bin gleich fertig

can I have a \few words with you? kann ich mal kurz mit dir sprechen?

every \few days/minutes/weeks alle paar Tage/Minuten/Wochen

2. ( emph: not many) wenige

he is among the very \few people I can trust er gehört zu den ganz wenigen Leuten, denen ich vertrauen kann

so \few people attended the party that it was embarrassing auf der Party waren so wenige Leute, dass es peinlich war

there are only a \few days left before we leave for France in ein paar Tagen fahren wir nach Frankreich

there are \few things in this world that give me more pleasure than a long bath nur weniges auf der Welt bereitet mir mehr Vergnügen als ein langes Bad

\fewer people smoke these days than used to heute rauchen weniger Menschen als früher

the benefits of this scheme are \few dieser Plan hat nur wenige Vorteile

he's a man of \few words er sagt nie viel; ( form)

I've warned him on no \fewer than five occasions ich habe ihn schon mindestens fünf Mal gewarnt

his fiction has caused not a \few readers to see red bei seinen Romanen sehen nicht wenige Leser rot

as \few as... nur...

precious \few... ( fam) reichlich wenig... fam

3. attr, inv (many) viele

I know a \few people who... ich kenne einige Leute, die...; BRIT

she put on a good \few pounds over Christmas sie hat über Weihnachten einige Pfunde zugelegt

quite a \few [people] ziemlich viele

4.

▶ to be \few and far between dünn gesät sein

such opportunities are \few and far between solche Gelegenheiten gibt es nicht oft

II. pron

1. (small number)

a \few of these apples ein paar von diesen Äpfeln

many believe it but only a \few are prepared to say viele glauben es, aber nur wenige sagen es

a \few of us/you/them einige von uns/euch/ihnen

2. ( emph: not many) wenige

precious \few will finish the course nur wenige werden den Kurs zu Ende bringen

\few can remember back that far nur wenige können sich so weit zurückerinnern

not many showed up and the \few who did left early es kamen nicht viele, und die paar, die kamen, gingen bald

\few if any still believe that... kaum einer glaubt heute noch, dass...

only some \few master more than ten languages nur ein paar wenige sprechen mehr als zehn Sprachen

\few of the houses in the village made it through the hurricane nur wenige Häuser in dem Ort überstanden den Hurrikan

\few of them actually got an interview nur wenige wurden zu einem Gespräch eingeladen

there were too \few of us to charter the plane wir waren nicht genug, um das Flugzeug chartern zu können

not a \few nicht wenige

though she's young, her talents are not a \few obwohl sie jung ist, hat sie viele Talente

3. (many)

a good \few BRIT ziemlich viele

quite a \few eine ganze Menge

4.

▶ to have had a \few einen sitzen haben fam

▶ to have had a \few too many etwas zu viel getrunken haben

III. n

1. (elite)

▪ the \few pl die Auserwählten

only the \few can say they've dined with the Queen nur wenige Auserwählte können von sich sagen, dass sie mit der Queen gespeist haben

2. (minority)

▪ the \few pl die Minderheit

I was one of the lucky \few who... ich gehörte zu den wenigen Glücklichen, die...

one of the fortunate [or happy] \few eine(r) der wenigen Glücklichen

3. BRIT HIST

▪ the F\few pl RAF-Piloten (Zitat aus einer Rede von Winston Churchill)

* * *
[fjuː]
1. adj (+er)

1) (= not many) wenige

few people come to see him — nur wenige Leute besuchen ihn

with few exceptions — mit wenigen Ausnahmen

we are very few — wir sind nur sehr wenige or nur ein kleines Häufchen

few and far between — dünn gesät

as few as ten cigarettes a day can be harmful — schon or bereits zehn Zigaretten am Tag können schädlich sein

as few as six objections — bloß sechs Einwände, nicht mehr als sechs Einwände

how few they are! — wie wenige das sind!

so few books —

too few cakes — zu wenige Kuchen

there were 3 too few —

10 would not be too few — 10 wären nicht zu wenig

he is one of the few people who... — er ist einer der wenigen, die...

the exceptions are few — es gibt nur wenige Ausnahmen

such occasions are few — solche Gelegenheiten sind selten or rar

2)

a few — ein paar

a very few — nur ganz wenige

a few more days — noch ein paar Tage

a few times — ein paar Male

there were quite a few waiting —

he has quite a few girlfriends — er hat eine ganze Menge or ziemlich viele Freundinnen

he's had a few (too many) — er hat einen über den Durst getrunken

quite a few books — ziemlich viele Bücher, eine ganze Menge Bücher

I saw a good few or quite a few people — ich habe ziemlich viele Leute or eine ganze Menge Leute gesehen

not a few people —

we'll go in a few minutes — wir gehen in ein paar Minuten

in the next/past few days — in den nächsten/letzten paar Tagen

every few days — alle paar Tage

2. pron

1) (= not many) wenige

few of them came — wenige von ihnen kamen

some few —

the Few — Kampfflieger, die an der Luftschlacht um England im zweiten Weltkrieg teilnahmen

the lucky few — die wenigen Glücklichen

opera used to be an experience for the few — Opern waren früher einer privilegierten Minderheit vorbehalten

as few as you — genauso wenig wie du

how few there are! — wie wenige das sind!

however few there may be — wie wenig auch immer da ist

I've got so/too few as it is —

so few have been sold — so wenige sind bis jetzt verkauft worden

there are too few of you — ihr seid zu wenige

2)

a few —

I'll just take a few — ich nehme nur ein paar

a few more — ein paar mehr

quite a few — eine ganze Menge

quite a few did not believe him — eine ganze Menge Leute or ziemlich viele Leute glaubten ihm nicht

some few — einige

there are always the few who... — es gibt immer einige wenige Leute or ein paar Leute, die...

the few who knew him — die wenigen, die ihn kannten

* * *

few [fjuː]

A adj & pron

1. wenige:

few persons;

he is a man of few words er macht nicht viele Worte, er ist ein schweigsamer Mensch;

some few einige wenige;

his friends are few er hat (nur) wenige Freunde;

few and far between sehr vereinzelt, dünn gesät;

no fewer than nicht weniger als

2. a few einige, ein paar:

he told me a few things er hat mir einiges erzählt;

a good few, quite a few ziemlich viele, eine ganze Menge;

a faithful few ein paar Getreue;

every few days alle paar Tage;

not a few nicht wenige, viele;

only a few nur wenige;

a very few sehr wenige;

have a few umg ein paar (Schnäpse etc) kippen;

he’s had a few umg er hat schon einiges intus

B s the few die wenigen pl, die Minderheit:

the happy few die wenigen Glücklichen;

the chosen few die Auserwählten;

appeal to the few nur einen kleinen Kreis ansprechen

* * *
1. adjective
1) (not many) wenige

few people — [nur] wenige [Leute]

very few housewives know that — das wissen die wenigsten Hausfrauen

his few belongings — seine paar Habseligkeiten

[all] too few people — [viel] zu wenig Leute

few and far between — rar

they were few in number — sie waren nur sehr wenige

a few... — wenige...

not a few... — eine ganze Reihe...

[just or only] a few troublemakers — einige [wenige] Störenfriede

just a few words from you — nur ein paar Worte von dir

2) (some) wenige

a few... — einige od. ein paar...

every few minutes — alle paar Minuten

a good few [...]/quite a few [...] — (coll.) eine ganze Menge [...]/ziemlich viele [...]
2. noun
1) (not many) wenige

a few — wenige

a very few — nur wenige

the few — die wenigen

few of us/them — nur wenige von uns/nur wenige [von ihnen]

few of the people — nur wenige [Leute]

just a few of you/her friends — nur ein paar von euch/ihrer Freunde

not a few of them — eine ganze Reihe von ihnen

not a few — nicht wenige

2) (some)

the/these/those few who — diejenigen, die

there were a few of us who... — es gab einige unter uns, die...

with a few of our friends — mit einigen od. ein paar unserer Freunde

a few [more] of these biscuits — [noch] ein paar von diesen Keksen

a good few/quite a few — (coll.) eine ganze Menge/ziemlich viele [Leute]

* * *

adj.

wenig adj.

English-german dictionary > few
7 окружать

несовер. - окружать;
совер. - окружить( кого-л./что-л.)
1) только несовер.;
прям. и перен. surround
2) (размещаться вокруг чего-л.) gather round
3) (чем-л.) (обносить, обводить чем-л.) encircle( with), ring in( with)
4) (чем-л.) (создавать вокруг кого-л. ту или иную обстановку) surround (with), lavish окружать кого-л. заботой ≈ to lavish care upon someone
5) воен. encircle, round up
6) только несовер. (составлять чью-л. среду) нас окружали хорошие люди ≈ we were in good company его окружали мелкие люди ≈ he was surrounded by petty-minded people

окруж|ать -, окружить
1. тк. несов. (вн., прям. и перен.) surround (smb., smth.) ;
пруд ~али деревья the pond was surrounded by trees, there were the trees all round the pond;
его ~ало всеобщее уважение he was the object of universal respect;

2. (вн.;
располагаться вокруг кого-л., чего-л.) gather round (smb., smth.) ;
окружить рассказчика gather round the storyteller;

3. (вн. тв.;
обносить, обводить чем-л.) encircle ( smth. with) ;
~ что-л. рвом encircle smth. with a moat;

4. (вн.) воен. encircle (smb., smth.) ;
окружить и уничтожить противника encircle and destroy the enemy;

5. (вн. тв.;
создавать какую-л. обстановку) surround ( smb. with) ;
его окружили вниманием и заботой he had every care and attention;

6. тк. несов. (вн.;
составлять чьё-л. общество): его ~али только избранные his circle was confined to the elite;
нас ~али хорошие люди we were in good* company;
~ающий
7. прил. surrounding;
~ающая среда environment;
surroundings pl. ;

8. в знач. сущ. мн. the people of one`s circle/acquaintance;

9. в знач. сущ. с. one`s surroundings pl. ;
всё ~ающее everything around one.

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > окружать
8 few

[fju:] adj

1) attr, inv ( some) einige;

there are a \few sandwiches left over from the party es sind noch ein paar Sandwiches von der Feier übrig;

I've got to get a \few things ich muss ein paar Dinge kaufen;

may I ask a \few questions? darf ich ein paar Fragen stellen?;

I'll be ready in just a \few minutes ich bin gleich fertig;

can I have a \few words with you? kann ich mal kurz mit dir sprechen?;

every \few days/ minutes/ weeks alle paar Tage/Minuten/Wochen;

2) (emph: not many) wenige;

he is among the very \few people I can trust er gehört zu den ganz wenigen Leuten, denen ich vertrauen kann;

so \few people attended the party that it was embarrassing auf der Party waren so wenige Leute, dass es peinlich war;

there are only a \few days left before we leave for France in ein paar Tagen fahren wir nach Frankreich;

there are \few things in this world that give me more pleasure than a long bath nur weniges auf der Welt bereitet mir mehr Vergnügen als ein langes Bad;

\fewer people smoke these days than used to heute rauchen weniger Menschen als früher;

the benefits of this scheme are \few dieser Plan hat nur wenige Vorteile;

he's a man of \few words er sagt nie viel ( form);

I've warned him on no \fewer than five occasions ich habe ihn schon mindestens fünf Mal gewarnt;

his fiction has caused not a \few readers to see red bei seinen Romanen sehen nicht wenige Leser rot;

as \few as... nur...

3) attr, inv ( many) viele;

I know a \few people who... ich kenne einige Leute, die...;

( Brit)

she put on a good \few pounds over Christmas sie hat über Weihnachten einige Pfunde zugelegt;

quite a \few [people] ziemlich viele

PHRASES:

to be \few and far between dünn gesät sein;

such opportunities are \few and far between solche Gelegenheiten gibt es nicht oft;

precious \few... ( fam) reichlich wenig... ( fam) pron

1) ( small number)

a \few of these apples ein paar von diesen Äpfeln;

many believe it but only a \few are prepared to say viele glauben es, aber nur wenige sagen es;

a \few of us/ you/ them einige von uns/euch/ihnen;

2) (emph: not many) wenige;

\few can remember back that far nur wenige können sich so weit zurückerinnern;

not many showed up and the \few who did left early es kamen nicht viele, und die paar, die kamen, gingen bald;

\few if any still believe that... kaum einer glaubt heute noch, dass...;

only some \few master more than ten languages nur ein paar wenige sprechen mehr als zehn Sprachen;

\few of the houses in the village made it through the hurricane nur wenige Häuser in dem Ort überstanden den Hurrikan;

\few of them actually got an interview nur wenige wurden zu einem Gespräch eingeladen;

there were too \few of us to charter the plane wir waren nicht genug, um das Flugzeug chartern zu können;

not a \few nicht wenige;

though she's young, her talents are not a \few obwohl sie jung ist, hat sie viele Talente

3) ( many)

a good \few ( Brit) ziemlich viele;

quite a \few eine ganze Menge

PHRASES:

precious \few herzlich wenig +akk;

to have had a \few einen sitzen haben ( fam)

to have had a \few too many etwas zu viel getrunken haben n

1) ( elite)

the \few pl die Auserwählten;

only the \few can say they've dined with the Queen nur wenige Auserwählte können von sich sagen, dass sie mit der Queen gespeist haben

2) ( minority)

the \few pl die Minderheit;

I was one of the lucky \few who... ich gehörte zu den wenigen Glücklichen, die...;

one of the fortunate [or happy] \few eine(r) der wenigen Glücklichen

3) ( Brit) hist

the F\few pl RAF-Piloten (Zitat aus einer Rede von Winston Churchill)

English-German students dictionary > few
9 знать

I несовер.;
(кого-л./что-л. о ком-л./чем-л.) know;
be aware (of), be acquainted( with), be up to( о чем-л. секретном) знать кого-н. в лицо ≈ to know someone by sight знать всю подоплеку (чего-л.) ≈ to know all (about), to know the real state (of) ;
to have inside information (on) знать все ходы и выходы ≈ to know all the ins and outs, to be perfectly at home разг. не знать ≈ to be ignorant (of), to be unaware (of) знать понаслышке ≈ to know by hearsay не знать покоя ≈ to know no rest знать свет ≈ to know the world - не знать устали кто его знает ≈ goodness knows знать меру ≈ to know when to stop знать, что к чему ≈ to know the how and why of things то и знай ≈ continually как знаешь ≈ as you wish знать что-л. как свои пять пальцев разг. ≈ to have smth. at one's finger-tips;
to know smth. backwards, to know smth. like the back of one's hand шут его знает! разг. ≈ deuce knows! почем знать? ≈ who knows? так и знай(те) ≈ that's for sure давать знать ≈ (кому-л.) to let know давать понять, давать почувствовать ≈ (кому-л.) to make it clear that, to let know that дать себя знать ≈ to make itself felt давать о себе знать II нареч. apparently, probably III жен.;
только ед.;
коллект. aristocracy, nobility;
the elite

to know

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > знать
10 Equestrianism

   Equestrianism or Equitation has an ancient tradition in Portugal. Although today this sport of horseback riding, which is related to the art and science of horse breeding, is a peaceful activity, for centuries Portugal's use of the horse in cavalry was closely associated with war. Beginning in the 18th century, the activity became connected to bull- fighting. In war, the Portuguese used horse cavalry longer than most other European nations. While most armies gave up the horse for mechanized cavalry or tanks after World War I, Portugal was reluctant to change this tradition. Oddly, Portugal used a specialized form of cavalry in combat as late as 1969-1971, in Angola, a colony of Portugal until 1975. Portugal's army in Angola, engaged in a war with Angolan nationalist forces, employed the so-called "Dragoons," a specialized cavalry in rural areas, until 1971, a case perhaps of the last use of cavalry in modern warfare.

   Soccer, or futebol, is Portugal's favorite mass sport today, but equestrianism retains a special place in sports as a now democratized, if somewhat elite, sport for both Portuguese and visiting foreign riders. As of 1900, equestrianism was still the sport of royalty and aristocracy, but in the 21st century persons from all classes and groups enjoy it. The sport now features the unique Lusitano breed of horse, which evolved from earlier breeds of Iberian ponies and horses. Touring equestrianism recently has become an activity of niche tourism, and it is complemented by international competitive riding. Following the early 20th century, when the Olympics were revived, Portuguese competitors have excelled not only in sailing, field hockey on roller-skates, rowing, and marksmanship, but also in equestrianism. Notable Portuguese riders were medal winners in summer Olympics such as those of 1948 and 1988. This sport is engaged in primarily if not exclusively in regions with a history of horse breeding, riding, and cattle herding, in Ribatejo and Alentejo provinces, and has featured career military participants.

   Portuguese equestrianism, including the use of horses in bull-fighting, hunting, and other forms of sport, as well as in horse cavalry in war, was long associated with the lifestyles of royalty and the nobility. The use of traditional, Baroque riding gear and garb in competitive riding, instruction, and bull-fighting reflects such a tradition. Riders in bull-fighting or in exhibitions wear 18th-century male costumes that include a tricornered hat, long frock coats, breeches, stockings, and buckled shoes. The Ribatejo "cowboy" or riding herder wears the regional costume of a green and red cap, red tunic, white breeches and stockings, Portuguese bridles, and chaps sometimes made of olive leaves.

   Although their prestigious classical riding academy remains less well known than the famous Spanish Riding School of Vienna, Portugal has preserved the ancient tradition of a classical riding school in its Royal School of Portuguese Equestrian Arts, at Queluz, not far from the National Palace of Queluz, a miniature Portuguese Versailles, with a hall of mirrors, tiled garden, and canal. One of the great riding masters and trainers was the late Nuno Oliveira (1925-89), whose work generated a worldwide network of students and followers and who published classic riding manuals. Oliveira's widely admired method of instruction was to bring about a perfect harmony of action between horse and rider, an inspiration to new generations of riders.

    See also Queluz, National Palace of.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Equestrianism
11 Port Wine

   Portugal's most famous wine and leading export takes its name from the city of Oporto or porto, which means "port" or "harbor" in Portuguese. Sometimes described as "the Englishman's wine," port is only one of the many wines produced in continental Portugal and the Atlantic islands. Another noted dessert wine is Madeira wine, which is produced on the island of Madeira. Port wine's history is about as long as that of Madeira wine, but the wine's development is recent compared to that of older table wines and the wines Greeks and Romans enjoyed in ancient Lusitania. During the Roman occupation of the land (ca. 210 BCE-300 CE), wine was being made from vines cultivated in the upper Douro River valley. Favorable climate and soils (schist with granite outcropping) and convenient transportation (on ships down the Douro River to Oporto) were factors that combined with increased wine production in the late 17th century to assist in the birth of port wine as a new product. Earlier names for port wine ( vinho do porto) were descriptive of location ("Wine of the Douro Bank") and how it was transported ("Wine of [Ship] Embarkation").

   Port wine, a sweet, fortified (with brandy) aperitif or dessert wine that was designed as a valuable export product for the English market, was developed first in the 1670s by a unique combination of circumstances and the action of interested parties. Several substantial English merchants who visited Oporto "discovered" that a local Douro wine was much improved when brandy ( aguardente) was added. Fortification prevented the wine from spoiling in a variety of temperatures and on the arduous sea voyages from Oporto to Great Britain. Soon port wine became a major industry of the Douro region; it involved an uneasy alliance between the English merchant-shippers at Oporto and Vila Nova de Gaia, the town across the river from Oporto, where the wine was stored and aged, and the Portuguese wine growers.

   In the 18th century, port wine became a significant element of Britain's foreign imports and of the country's establishment tastes in beverages. Port wine drinking became a hallowed tradition in Britain's elite Oxford and Cambridge Universities' colleges, which all kept port wine cellars. For Portugal, the port wine market in Britain, and later in France, Belgium, and other European countries, became a vital element in the national economy. Trade in port wine and British woolens became the key elements in the 1703 Methuen Treaty between England and Portugal.

   To lessen Portugal's growing economic dependence on Britain, regulate the production and export of the precious sweet wine, and protect the public from poor quality, the Marquis of Pombal instituted various measures for the industry. In 1756, Pombal established the General Company of Viticulture of the Upper Douro to carry out these measures. That same year, he ordered the creation of the first demarcated wine-producing region in the world, the port-wine producing Douro region. Other wine-producing countries later followed this Portuguese initiative and created demarcated wine regions to protect the quality of wine produced and to ensure national economic interests.

   The upper Douro valley region (from Barca d'Alva in Portugal to Barqueiros on the Spanish frontier) produces a variety of wines; only 40 percent of its wines are port wine, whereas 60 percent are table wines. Port wine's alcohol content varies usually between 19 and 22 percent, and, depending on the type, the wine is aged in wooden casks from two to six years and then bottled. Related to port wine's history is the history of Portuguese cork. Beginning in the 17th century, Portuguese cork, which comes from cork trees, began to be used to seal wine bottles to prevent wine from spoiling. This innovation in Portugal helped lead to the development of the cork industry. By the early 20th century, Portugal was the world's largest exporter of cork.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Port Wine
12 избранный

1. прил.;
прич. от избрать (отобранный, лучший) select(ed) избранные произведения Пушкина ≈ a selection of/from the works of Pushkin;
selected works of Pushkin могущий быть избранным ≈ eligible избранные сочинения ≈ selected works избранный путь ≈ one's chosen path 'избранный народ' ≈ Peculiar People
2. муж.;
см. избранные

избранн|ый -
1. прил. select;
~ круг людей a select circle;
~ые произведения selected works;

2. в знач. сущ. мн. the chosen ones;
для ~ых for the elite.

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > избранный
13 pick

I noun
1) (for breaking up hard ground, rocks, etc.) Spitzhacke, die; (for breaking up ice) [Eis]pickel, der

2) see academic.ru/75575/toothpick">toothpick

3) (Mus.) Plektrum, das
II 1. noun
1) (choice) Wahl, die

take your pick — du hast die Wahl

she had the pick of several jobs — sie konnte zwischen mehreren Jobs [aus]wählen

have [the] first pick of something — als erster aus etwas auswählen dürfen

2) (best part) Elite, die

the pick of the fruit — etc. die besten Früchte usw
2. transitive verb
1) pflücken [Blumen]; [ab]ernten, [ab]pflücken [Äpfel, Trauben usw.]

2) (select) auswählen; aufstellen [Mannschaft]

pick the or a winner/the winning horse — auf den Sieger/das richtige od. siegreiche Pferd setzen

pick one's way — sich (Dat.) vorsichtig [s]einen Weg suchen

pick and choose — sich (Dat.) aussuchen

pick one's time [for something] — den Zeitpunkt [für etwas] festlegen

3) (clear of flesh)

pick the bones [clean] — [Hund:] die Knochen [sauber] abnagen

4)

pick somebody's brains [about something] — jemanden [über etwas (Akk.)] ausfragen od. (ugs.) ausquetschen

5)

pick one's nose/teeth — in der Nase bohren/in den Zähnen [herum]stochern

6)

pick somebody's pocket — jemanden bestehlen

he had his pocket picked — er wurde von einem Taschendieb bestohlen

7)

pick a lock — ein Schloss knacken (salopp)

8)

pick to pieces — (fig.): (criticize) kein gutes Haar lassen an (+ Dat.) (ugs.)
3. intransitive verb
pick and choose [too much] — [zu] wählerisch sein

Phrasal Verbs:

- pick at

- pick off

- pick on

- pick out

- pick up

* * *
I 1. [pik] verb
1) (to choose or select: Pick the one you like best.) auswählen

2) (to take (flowers from a plant, fruit from a tree etc), usually by hand: The little girl sat on the grass and picked flowers.) pflücken

3) (to lift (someone or something): He picked up the child.) hochheben

4) (to unlock (a lock) with a tool other than a key: When she found that she had lost her key, she picked the lock with a hair-pin.) knacken
2. noun
1) (whatever or whichever a person wants or chooses: Take your pick of these prizes.) die Auswahl

2) (the best one(s) from or the best part of something: These grapes are the pick of the bunch.) der/die/das Beste

•

- pickpocket
- pick-up
- pick and choose
- pick at
- pick someone's brains
- pick holes in
- pick off
- pick on
- pick out
- pick someone's pocket
- pick a quarrel/fight with someone
- pick a quarrel/fight with
- pick up
- pick up speed
- pick one's way II [pik] noun
((also (British) pickaxe, (American) pickax - plural pickaxes) a tool with a heavy metal head pointed at one or both ends, used for breaking hard surfaces eg walls, roads, rocks etc.) die Spitzhacke

* * *

pick

[pɪk]

I. n

1. (choice) Auswahl f

to have first \pick die erste Wahl haben

to have one's \pick of sth sich dat etw aussuchen können

to take one's \pick sich dat etw aussuchen

2. + sing/pl vb (best)

▪ the \pick of sth of things das Beste; of people die Elite

the \pick of the furniture die besten Möbel

the \pick of this year's racehorses is Gandy Dancer Gandy Dancer ist dieses Jahr der Star unter den Rennpferden

the \pick of the bunch der/die/das Beste

3. (pickaxe) Spitzhacke f, Pickel m

with \picks and shovels mit Hacke und Spaten

4. MUS Plättchen nt, Plektrum nt fachspr

II. vt

1. (select)

▪ to \pick sb/sth jdn/etw aussuchen [o auswählen]

we \picked the loveliest puppy [for ourselves] wir suchten uns den hübschesten Welpen aus

you \picked a fine time to lose your wallet! da hast du dir ja genau den richtigen Zeitpunkt ausgesucht, um deine Brieftasche zu verlieren! iron

she \picked her way down the steps sie ging vorsichtig die Treppe hinunter

they \picked their way through the mud sie bahnten sich ihren Weg durch den Schlamm

there are many good reasons to \pick Washington es gibt viele gute Gründe, sich für Washington zu entscheiden

to \pick sth/sb at random [or out of a [or the] hat] jdn/etw [völlig] willkürlich aussuchen

to \pick an instance [or example] at random um nur mal ein Beispiel zu nehmen

to \pick a winner eine gute Wahl treffen

to \pick and choose sth mit etw dat sehr wählerisch sein

▪ to \pick sb for sth jdn für etw akk auswählen

2. ( fam: start)

to \pick a fight [or quarrel] with sb mit jdm einen Streit anfangen [o fam anzetteln

3. (harvest)

▪ to \pick sth etw pflücken

to \pick an apple off the tree einen Apfel vom Baum pflücken

to \pick grapes Trauben lesen

to \pick mushrooms Pilze sammeln

4. (scratch)

▪ to \pick sth an etw dat kratzen

don't \pick your sore! lass deine Wunde in Ruhe!, kratz nicht!

stop \picking your spots! hör auf, an deinen Pickeln herumzudrücken!

to \pick one's nose in der Nase bohren

to \pick one's teeth [sich dat] in den Zähnen herumstochern

5. (gnaw)

to \pick a bone einen Knochen abnagen

to \pick sth clean etw sauber abnagen

6. (take)

▪ to \pick sth from [or out of] /off [of] sth etw aus/von etw dat nehmen

he \picked the knife from [or out of] the drawer er nahm das Messer aus der Schublade

the beetles need to be \picked off the trees die Käfer müssen von den Bäumen heruntergesammelt werden

I \picked a piece of fluff off my suit ich entfernte einen Fussel von meinem Anzug

to \pick pockets Taschendiebstahl begehen

he \picked the pockets of unsuspecting tourists der Taschendieb beklaute die nichts ahnenden Touristen

7. MUS (play)

▪ to \pick sth etw zupfen

8.

▶ to \pick one's brain sich dat sein Gehirn zermartern

▶ to \pick sb's brain[s] jdn genau befragen

▶ to \pick holes in sth etw auseinandernehmen

▶ to \pick a lock ein Schloss aufbrechen

III. vi

1. (be choosy) aussuchen

to \pick and choose sich dat der/die/das Beste herauspicken

2. (toy with)

▪ to \pick at one's food in seinem Essen herumstochern

3. (scratch)

▪ to \pick at sth an etw dat [herum]kratzen

* * *
[pɪk]
1. n

1) (= pickaxe) Spitzhacke f, Picke f, Pickel m; (MOUNTAINEERING) Eispickel m; (= toothpick) Zahnstocher m

2) (esp US: plectrum) Plektron nt, Plektrum nt

3)

(= choice) she could have her pick of any man in the room — sie könnte jeden Mann im Raum haben

to have first pick — die erste Wahl haben

take your pick! — such dir etwas/einen etc aus!

4) (= best) Beste(s) nt → bunch

See:

→ bunch

2. vt

1) (= choose) (aus)wählen

to pick a team — eine Mannschaft aufstellen

to pick sb to do sth — jdn auswählen, etw zu tun

he has been picked for England — er ist für England aufgestellt worden

to pick sides — wählen

to pick a winner (lit) — den Sieger erraten; (fig)

a handful of picked men (Mil) — ein paar ausgewählte Soldaten

to pick one's words — seine Worte mit Bedacht wählen

to pick one's time — den richtigen Zeitpunkt wählen

you really pick your times, don't you? (iro) — du suchst dir aber auch immer den günstigsten Augenblick aus! (iro)

to pick one's way — seinen Weg suchen

to pick one's way through sth —

he knows how to pick 'em (inf) — er hat den richtigen Riecher (inf)

you do pick 'em (iro) — du gerätst auch immer an den Falschen

2) (= pull bits off, make holes in) jumper, blanket etc zupfen an (+dat); spot, scab kratzen an (+dat); hole (with fingers, instrument) bohren; (with beak) picken, hacken

to pick one's nose — sich (+dat) in der Nase bohren

to pick one's teeth — sich (dat) in den Zähnen herumstochern

to pick a lock —

to pick a bone (with fingers) (with teeth, beak) — einen Knochen abzupfen einen Knochen abnagen

to pick sth to pieces (lit) — etw zerzupfen; (fig) kein gutes Haar an etw (dat) lassen, etw verreißen

to pick holes in sth (fig) — etw bemäkeln; in argument, theory etw in ein paar Punkten widerlegen

to pick a fight or quarrel (with sb) —

to pick pockets — sich als Taschendieb betätigen

he's very good at picking pockets — er ist ein sehr geschickter Taschendieb

to pick sb's pocket — jdn bestehlen

to pick sb's brains ( about sth) — jdn (nach etw) ausfragen

See:

→ bone

3) (= pluck) flowers, fruit pflücken; (= pick out and remove) fleas, splinter etc entfernen (from von)

4) (US: pluck) chicken etc rupfen

5) (esp US) strings zupfen, anreißen; banjo zupfen

6) (= peck up) corn etc picken

3. vi

1) (= choose) wählen, aussuchen

to pick and choose — wählerisch sein

2) (esp US on guitar etc) zupfen

* * *

pick¹ [pık]

A s

1. TECH

a) Spitz-, Kreuzhacke f, Picke f, Pickel m

b) Bergbau: (Keil)Haue f

2. Hacken n, Schlag m

3. Auswahl f, Wahl f:

have one’s pick of auswählen können aus;

take your pick suchen Sie sich etwas aus, Sie haben die Wahl;

he was our pick unsere Wahl fiel auf ihn

4. Auslese f, (der, die, das) Beste:

the pick of the basket ( oder bunch) das (Aller)Beste, das Beste vom Besten

5. TYPO Spieß m (mitdruckendes Ausschlussstück)

6. AGR, WIRTSCH Ernte (die gepflückt wird)

7. MUS → plectrum

B v/t

1. aufhacken, -picken

2. ein Loch hacken: → hole A 1

3. Körner aufpicken

4. auflesen, sammeln

5. Blumen, Obst pflücken:

he picked her a few flowers er pflückte ihr ein paar Blumen

6. Beeren abzupfen

7. Gemüse verlesen, säubern

8. US Hühner etc rupfen

9. Wolle zupfen

10. Knochen abnagen: → bone¹ A 1

11. METALL Erz scheiden, (aus)klauben

12. den Grind etc (mit den Fingernägeln) abkratzen

13. bohren oder stochern in (dat):

pick one’s nose in der Nase bohren, popeln umg;

pick one’s teeth in den Zähnen (herum)stochern

14. umg lustlos essen, herumstochern in (dat)

15. ein Türschloss (mit einem Dietrich etc) öffnen, knacken;

pick sb’s pocket jemandem die Tasche ausräumen umg; → brain A 2

16. einen Streit vom Zaun brechen:

pick a quarrel with sb mit jemandem anbändeln oder Streit suchen

17. fig (sorgfältig) auswählen, aussuchen:

you’ve picked the wrong time du hast dir die falsche Zeit ausgesucht;

pick one’s way ( oder steps)

a) sich einen oder seinen Weg suchen oder bahnen,

b) fig sich durchlavieren;

pick a winner fig das große Los ziehen;

pick one’s words seine Worte (sorgfältig) wählen

18. ausfasern, zerpflücken, zerreißen (auch fig): → piece A 2

19. MUS US Saiten zupfen, Banjo etc spielen

C v/i

1. hacken, picke(l)n

2. lustlos essen, im Essen herumstochern

3. sorgfältig wählen:

pick and choose

a) wählerisch sein,

b) sich bei der Auswahl Zeit lassen

4. auch pick and steal klauen umg, stehlen

pick² [pık]

A v/t Weberei: Schützen werfen

B s

a) Schützenschlag m (Bewegung des Weberschiffchens)

b) Schuss m (einzelner Querfaden)

* * *
I noun
1) (for breaking up hard ground, rocks, etc.) Spitzhacke, die; (for breaking up ice) [Eis]pickel, der

2) see toothpick

3) (Mus.) Plektrum, das
II 1. noun
1) (choice) Wahl, die

take your pick — du hast die Wahl

she had the pick of several jobs — sie konnte zwischen mehreren Jobs [aus]wählen

have [the] first pick of something — als erster aus etwas auswählen dürfen

2) (best part) Elite, die

the pick of the fruit — etc. die besten Früchte usw
2. transitive verb
1) pflücken [Blumen]; [ab]ernten, [ab]pflücken [Äpfel, Trauben usw.]

2) (select) auswählen; aufstellen [Mannschaft]

pick the or a winner/the winning horse — auf den Sieger/das richtige od. siegreiche Pferd setzen

pick one's way — sich (Dat.) vorsichtig [s]einen Weg suchen

pick and choose — sich (Dat.) aussuchen

pick one's time [for something] — den Zeitpunkt [für etwas] festlegen

3) (clear of flesh)

pick the bones [clean] — [Hund:] die Knochen [sauber] abnagen

4)

pick somebody's brains [about something] — jemanden [über etwas (Akk.)] ausfragen od. (ugs.) ausquetschen

5)

pick one's nose/teeth — in der Nase bohren/in den Zähnen [herum]stochern

6)

pick somebody's pocket — jemanden bestehlen

he had his pocket picked — er wurde von einem Taschendieb bestohlen

7)

pick a lock — ein Schloss knacken (salopp)

8)

pick to pieces — (fig.): (criticize) kein gutes Haar lassen an (+ Dat.) (ugs.)
3. intransitive verb
pick and choose [too much] — [zu] wählerisch sein

Phrasal Verbs:

- pick at

- pick off

- pick on

- pick out

- pick up

* * *

(tools) n.

Spitzhacke f. n.

Pickel - (Eis-) m. v.

abpflücken v.

aufpicken v.

auswählen v.

picken v.

wählen v.

zupfen v.

English-german dictionary > pick
14 crack

crack [kræk]

fêlure ⇒ 1 (a) fissure ⇒ 1 (a) crevasse ⇒ 1 (a) fente ⇒ 1 (b) craquement ⇒ 1 (c) claquement ⇒ 1 (c) coup ⇒ 1 (c), 1 (d) tentative ⇒ 1 (e) blague ⇒ 1 (f) fêler ⇒ 3 (a) fissurer ⇒ 3 (a) crevasser ⇒ 3 (a) casser ⇒ 3 (b) cogner ⇒ 3 (c) faire craquer ⇒ 3 (d) faire claquer ⇒ 3 (d) se fêler ⇒ 4 (a) se fissurer ⇒ 4 (a) se crevasser ⇒ 4 (a) claquer ⇒ 4 (b) craquer ⇒ 4 (b), 4 (c)

1 noun

(a) (in cup, glass, egg) fêlure f; (in ceiling, wall) lézarde f, fissure f; (in rock) fissure f; (in ground) crevasse f; (in varnish, enamel) craquelure f; (in skin) gerçure f, crevasse f; (in bone) fêlure f; figurative (fault → in policy, argument etc) fissure f, faiblesse f;

∎ did you know there was a crack in this glass? avais-tu remarqué que ce verre était fêlé?;

∎ figurative the cracks are beginning to show in their marriage leur mariage commence à battre de l'aile

(b) (small opening or gap → in floorboards, door etc) fente f; (→ in wall) fissure f;

∎ there were some cracks in the wall le mur était fissuré

(c) (noise → of branches, ice etc) craquement m; (→ of whip) claquement m; (→ of thunder) coup m

(d) (blow → on head, knee etc) coup m;

∎ that was a nasty crack you got tu as pris un drôle de mauvais coup;

∎ I gave myself a crack on the head je me suis cogné la tête

(e) familiar (attempt) tentative^□ f;

∎ I'll have a crack (at it), I'll give it a crack je vais tenter le coup, je vais essayer (un coup);

∎ do you want another crack (at it)? tu veux réessayer?^□, tu veux retenter le coup?;

∎ this is her fourth crack at (winning) the title c'est sa quatrième tentative pour gagner le titre^□, c'est la quatrième fois qu'elle tente de gagner le titre^□ ;

∎ to give sb a fair crack of the whip donner sa chance à qn^□ ;

∎ to get a fair crack of the whip avoir l'occasion de montrer de quoi on est capable^□

(f) (joke, witticism) blague f, plaisanterie f;

∎ to make a crack faire une plaisanterie, lancer une vanne;

∎ a cheap crack about short people une plaisanterie facile sur les gens de petite taille

(g) (drug) crack m

(h) Computing (program) = programme permettant de forcer un système informatique

(i) vulgar (woman's genitals) chatte f, con m

(j) vulgar (anus) troufignon m, trou m du cul

(k) (idiom)

∎ at the crack of dawn au point du jour;

∎ I've been up since the crack of dawn je suis debout ou levé depuis l'aube;

∎ old-fashioned humorous we'll be here until the crack of doom on va être ici jusqu'aux calendes grecques

2 adjective

(regiment, team etc) d'élite;

∎ one of their crack players un de leurs meilleurs joueurs

3 transitive verb

(a) (damage → cup, glass, egg) fêler; (→ ice) fendre; (→ ceiling, wall) lézarder, fissurer; (→ ground) crevasser; (→ varnish, enamel) craqueler; (→ skin) gercer, crevasser; (→ bone) fêler

(b) (open → eggs, nuts) casser;

∎ to crack a safe fracturer un coffre-fort;

∎ familiar to crack (open) a bottle ouvrir ou déboucher une bouteille^□ ;

∎ familiar she never cracked a smile the entire evening elle n'a pas souri une seule fois de la soirée^□ ;

∎ American I didn't crack a book all term je n'ai pas ouvert un livre du trimestre^□

(c) (bang, hit → head, knee)

∎ to crack one's head/knee on sth se cogner la tête/le genou contre qch

(d) (make noise with → whip) faire claquer; (→ knuckles) faire craquer;

∎ to crack the whip faire le gendarme;

∎ he's very good at cracking the whip il est très doué pour donner des ordres

(e) (solve)

∎ to crack a code déchiffrer un code;

∎ the police think they have cracked the case la police pense qu'elle a résolu l'affaire;

∎ I think we've cracked it je pense que nous y sommes arrivés

(f) (market) percer sur

(g) Chemistry craquer

(h) Computing craquer, déplomber

(i) familiar (idiom)

∎ to crack a joke sortir une blague;

∎ "got a half-day today?" she cracked "tu t'es pris une demi-journée de congé?" dit-elle en blaguant ou plaisantant

4 intransitive verb

(a) (cup, glass, ice) se fissurer, se fêler; (ceiling, wall) se lézarder, se fissurer; (ground) se crevasser; (varnish, enamel) se craqueler; (skin) se gercer, se crevasser; (bone) se fêler

(b) (make noise → whip) claquer; (→ twigs) craquer;

∎ a rifle cracked and he dropped to the ground un coup de fusil a retenti et il s'est effondré;

∎ the sound of submachine-guns cracking le crépitement des mitraillettes

(c) (give way, collapse → through nervous exhaustion) s'effondrer, craquer; (→ under questioning, surveillance) craquer;

∎ their marriage cracked under the strain leur mariage s'est détérioré sous l'effet du stress;

∎ his voice cracked with emotion sa voix se brisa sous le coup de l'émotion

(d) familiar (idiom)

∎ to get cracking (start work) s'y mettre^□, se mettre au boulot; (get ready, get going) se mettre en route^□ ;

∎ I'll get cracking on dinner/cleaning the windows je vais me mettre à préparer le dîner/nettoyer les vitres^□ ;

∎ get cracking!, let's get cracking! au boulot!

►► crack baby = bébé né dépendant du crack;

crack cocaine crack m;

crack shot tireur(euse) m,f d'élite;

crack troops soldats mpl d'élite

➲ crack down intransitive verb

sévir;

∎ to crack down on sb/sth sévir contre qn/qch

➲ crack open separable transitive verb

(eggs, nuts) casser; familiar (bottle) ouvrir^□, déboucher^□

➲ crack up

1 intransitive verb

(a) (ice) se fissurer; (paint, enamel, make-up) se craqueler; (ground) se crevasser; (skin) se gercer, se crevasser

(b) familiar (through nervous exhaustion) s'effondrer^□, craquer^□ ;

∎ I must be cracking up (going mad) je débloque

(c) British familiar (get angry) péter les plombs

(d) familiar (with laughter) se tordre de rire

2 separable transitive verb

(a) (make laugh)

∎ it really cracked me up when I heard about it je me suis vraiment écroulé de rire quand j'ai entendu parler de ça

(b) (always passive) (say good things about) he's not what he's cracked up to be il n'est pas aussi fantastique qu'on le dit ou prétend;

∎ the play is everything it's cracked up to be la pièce a toutes les qualités qu'on lui vante

(c) familiar (destroy) bousiller

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > crack
15 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE

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   ■. O Espiao Alemao Em Goa. Operacao Long Shanks, 1943. Lisbon, 2001.

   ■ Beevor, J. G. SOE. Recollections and Reflections 1940-45. London, 1981. Bloch, Michael. Operation Willi: The Plot to Kidnap the Duke of Windsor July 1940. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1984. Carrilho, Maria et. al., Portugal Na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Contributos para uma reavaliacao. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1989. Cole, Robert. Britain and the War of Words in Neutral Europe, 1939-45. New York: St. Martin's, 1990. Colvin, Ian. Flight 777. London: Evans, 1957. Dias, Mariana Tavares. Lisboa nos Anos 40. Lisbon: Quimera, 1997. Eizenstadt, Stuart E. Coord. U.S. and Allied Efforts to Recover and Restore Gold and Other Assets Stolen or Hidden by Germany during World War II. New York, 2001.

   ■ Fralon, Jose-Alain. A Good Man in Evil Times. The Story of Aristides De Sousa Mendes: The Man Who Saved the Lives of Countless Refugees in World War II. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2001.

   ■ Giraudoux, Jean. Portugal. Paris: Grasset, 1958.

   ■ Johns, Philip. Within Two Cloaks. Missions With SIS and SOE. London, 1979.

   ■ Koestler, Arthur. Arrival and Departure. London, 1943.

   ■ Leitz, Christian. Sympathy for the Devil: Neutral Portugal and Nazi Germany in World War II. New York, 2001.

   ■ Louca, Antonio. Hitler e Salazar. Comercio em tempos de Guerra 1940-1944. Lisbon, 2000.

   ■ Luca, Antonio. "Portugal's Double Game: Between the Nazis and the Allies." In Avi Beker, ed., The Plunder of Jewish Property during the Holocaust. Confronting European History. New York, 2001. MacIntyre, Ben. Agent Zigzag. New York: Harmony, 2007. Martins, Maria Joao. O Paraiso Triste. O Quotidiano em Lisboa durante a II Grande Guerra. Lisbon: Vega, 1994. Masterman, J.C. The Double-Cross System in the War of 1939 to 1945. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1972. Muggeridge, Malcolm. Chronicles of Wasted Time. Chronicle 2: The Infernal Grove. New York: William Morrow, 1974.

   ■ Nery, Julia. O Consul. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1991.

   ■ Pimentel, Irene Flunser. Judeus em Portugal na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Lisbon, 2006.

   ■ Popov, Dusko. Spy/ Counterspy. London, 1974.

   ■ Prokosch, Frederick. The Conspirators. New York, 1943.

   ■ Remarque, Erich Maria. The Night in Lisbon. New York, 1966.

   ■ Ribeiro, Aquilino. Volfarmio Romance. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1943.

   ■ Rosas, Fernando. Portugal entre a Paz e a Guerra. Lisbon: Estampa, 1990.

   ■ Saint-Exupery, Antoine. Wartime Writings, 1939-1944. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1986.

   ■ Teixeira, Nuno Severiano, ed. Portugal E A Guerra. Historia das Intervencoes militares portuguesas nos grandes conflitos mundiais seculos XIX e XX. Lisbon: Colibri, 1998.

   ■ Telo, Antonio Jose. Propagandal E Guerra Secreta Em Portugal 1939-45. Lisbon, 1990.

   ■. Portugal na Segunda Guerra ( 1941-1945), 2 vols. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■. Os Acores E O Controlo Do Atlantico ( 1898/ 1948). Lisbon: Ed. Asa, 1993.

   ■. A neutralidade portuguesa e o ouro nazi. Lisbon, 2000.

   ■ Vintras, R.E. The Portuguese Connection: The Secret History of the Azores Base. London: Bachman and Turner, 1974. Wheeler, Douglas L. "The Age Old Business of Espionage." 1987 World Book Year Book. Chicago, 1987.

   ■. "'In the Service of Order.' The Portuguese Political Police and the British, Germany and Spanish Intelligence [Services]." Journal of Contemporary History 36: no. 3 (Jan. 1983), 1-25.

   ■. "And Who is My Neighbor? A World War II Hero of Conscience for Portugal." Luso-Brazilian Review 23 (no. 2) (Summer 1989), 119-39.

   ■. "The Price of Neutrality: Portugal, the Wolfram Question, and World War II." Luso-Brazilian Review (Madison, WI), 23 (nos.1, 2) (Summer, 1986; Winter, 1986). 97-111; 108-127.

   ■. "Last of the Great Air Mysteries of the War [World War II]." Bridport and Lyme Regis Gazette (Dorset, U.K.), June 5, 2003, 24-25.

   ■. "Leslie Howard Helped Win World War II," St. Louis Post-Dispatch (St. Louis, Mo.), April 3, 5, 2005.

   ■ Wilson, Robert. A Small Death in Lisbon. London, 2000.

   ■. The Company Of Strangers. San Diego, 2002.

   ■ Wylie, Neville. "An Amateur Learns His Job? Special Operations Executive in Portugal, 1940-42." Journal of Contemporary History. 36: no. 3 (2001), 441-57.

   ■ The Military

   ■ Ferreira Martins, General. Historia do Exercito Portugues. Lisbon: Inquerito, 1945.

   ■ Kaulza de Arriaga, General. Guerra e Politica. Em nome da verdade. Os anos decisivos. Lisbon: Referendo, 1987.

   ■ Medeiros Ferreira, Jose. O Comportamento Politico dos Militares, Forcas Armadas e Regimes Politicos em Portugal no seculo XX. Lisbon: Estampa, 1992.

   ■ Pereira Marques, Fernando. Exercito e Sociedade em Portugal. No Declinio do Antigo Regime e advento do Liberalismo. Lisbon: Regra do Jogo, 1981.

   ■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm, 1977.

   ■ Ribeiro Dos Santos, Antonio Pedro. O Estado E A Order Publica. As Institui-coes Militares Portuguesas. Lisbon: Instituto Superior De Ciencias Sociais E Politicas, 1999.

   ■ Saraiva de Carvalho, Otelo. Alvorada em Abril. Amadora (Portugal): Bertrand, 1977.

   ■ Selvagem, Carlos. Portugal Militar. Compendio de Historia Militar e Naval de Portugal. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1931.

   ■ Spinola, Antonio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon: Arcadia, 1974.

   ■. Pais Sem Rumo. Contributo para a historia de uma Revolucao. Lisbon: Scire, 1978.

   ■ Teixeira, Nuno Severiano. Portugal e a Guerra. Historia das intervencoes militares portuguesas nos grandes conflitos mundiais do seculo XX. Lisbon: Ed. Colibri, 1999.

   ■. Coord., Nova Historia Militar de Portugal, 5 vols. Lisbon: Circulo de Leitores, 2003-.

   ■ Valente, Vasco Pulido. O Poder e o Povo. A Revolucao de 1910. Lisbon: Moraes, 1976, 1982.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. Republican Portugal: A Political History ( 1910-1926). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978, 1998.

   ■. A Ditadura Militar Portuguesa ( 1926-1933). Mem Martins: Europa- America, 1988.

   ■. "The Military and the Portuguese Dictatorship, 1926-1974: "The Honor of the Army." In Lawrence S. Graham and Harry M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. 191-219. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ Government and Politics since 1974

   ■ Aguiar, Joaquim. "Hidden Fluidity in an Ultra-Stable Party System." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 101-27. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Braga da Cruz, Manuel, ed. Sistema Eleitoral Portugües: Debate Político e Parlamentar. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional/ Casa da Moeda, 1998.

   ■, ed. "Portugal Político 25 Anos Depois." In Análise Social XXXV, 154/155 (Summer, 2000): 1-404.

   ■ Bruneau, Thomas C., and Alex Macleod. Politics in Contemporary Portugal: Parties and the Consolidation of Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1986.

   ■ Bruneau, Thomas C., ed. Political Parties and Democracy in Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1997. Carlucci, Frank. "Confiei no Povo Portugues." Visao (Lisbon), April 10, 1997, 46-47.

   ■. "The View from the U.S. Embassy." In Hans Binnendijk, ed., Authoritarian Regimes in Transition. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of State, Foreign Service Institute, Center for the Study of Foreign Affairs, 1987.

   ■ Coelho, Mário Baptista, ed. Portugal. O Sistema Política a Constitucional, 1974-87. Lisbon: Instituto de Ciências Sociais, UNL, 1989.

   ■ Costa Pinto, Antonio. "Settling Accounts with the Past in a Troubled Transition to Democracy: The Portuguese Case." In Alexandra Barahona De Brito, Carmen Gonzalez-Enriquez, and Paloma Aguilar, eds., The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies, 65-91. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

   ■ Cruzeiro, Maria Manuela. Costa Gomes-o Ultimo Marechal. Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 1998.

   ■ Domingos, Emídio Da Veiga. Portugal Político. Análise das Instituiçoes. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Goldey, David. "Elections and the Consolidation of Portuguese Democracy: 1974-1983." Electoral Studies 2, 3 (1983): 229-40.

   ■ Graham, Lawrence S. "Institutionalizing Democracy: Governance in Post-1974 Portugal." In Ali Farazmand, ed., Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration, 81-90. New York: Dekker, 1991.

   ■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Gunther, Richard. "Spain and Portugal." In G. A. Dorfman and P. J. Duignan, eds., Politics in Western Europe, 186-236. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1988.

   ■ Magone, José Maria. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. Basingstoke, U.K.: Macmillan, 1997.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

   ■, ed. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth R., and Scott C. Monje, eds. Portugal: The Constitution and the Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-1989. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Camões Center Special Report No. 2, Columbia University, 1991.

   ■ Opello, Walter C., Jr. "The New Parliament in Portugal." Legislative Studies Quarterly, 3 (May 1978): 309-334.

   ■. "Local Government and Political Culture in a Portuguese Rural County." Comparative Politics 13 (April 1981): 271-89.

   ■. "Portugal's Administrative Elite: Social Origins and Political Attitudes." West European Politics 6 (Jan. 1983): 63-74.

   ■. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.

   ■ Pinto Balsemão, Francisco. "The Constitution and Politics: Options for the Future." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 197-232. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Sartori, Giovanni. "Portugal." In Sartori, G, ed., Parties and Party Systems. Vol. 1, 131-45. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976. Secretary of State for Mass Communications. Constitution of the Portuguese Republic [1976]. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Contemporary Portugal since 1974

   ■ Aguiar, Joaquim. A Ilusão do poder: Analise do Sistema Partidário, 19761982. Lisbon, 1983. Almeida, Diniz de. Orígens e Evolução do Movimento dos Capitães. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■. Ascensao, Apogeu e Queda do MFA, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Alves, Márcio Moreira. Les Soldats Socialistes du Portugal. Paris: Gallimard, 1975.

   ■ Antunes, José Freire. Sá Carneiro: Um Meteoro Nos Anos Setenta. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■. O Segredo do 25 de Novembro. Mem Martins, 1983.

   ■ Arouca, Manuel. Os Filhos Da Costa Do Sol. Mem Martins, 1989. Audibert, Pierre, and Daniel Brignon. Portugal: Les nouveaux centurions. Paris, 1974.

   ■ Baptista, Jacinto. Caminhos para uma revolução. Lisbon, 1975. Barreto, Antônio. Memórias da Reforma Agrária. Mem Martins: Europa-Amé-rica, 1983.

   ■, and C. V. Preto, eds. A Situação Social em Portugal, 1960-1996. Lisbon: Instituto de Ciências Sociais, 1996.

   ■ Bermeo, Nancy Gina. "Worker Management in Industry: Reconciling Representative Government and Industrial Democracy in a Polarized Society." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 181-98. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. The Revolution within the Revolution: Workers' Control in Rural Portugal. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.

   ■ Braeckman, Colette. Portugal: Revolution surveilée. Brussels: Rossei, 1975.

   ■ Braga da Cruz, Manuel. "O Presidente da República na génese e evolução do sistema de governor portugües." Análise social XXIX, 125-26 (1994): 237-65.

   ■, coord. "Portugal Político 25 Anos Depois." Análise Social XXXV, 154/155 (Summer 2000): 1-404. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Popular Support for Democracy in Post-revolutionary Portugal: Results from a Survey." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 21-42. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. Politics and Nationhood: Post-Revolutionary Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1984.

   ■. "Portugal Fifteen Years after the April Revolution." Field Staff Reports ( 1989-90/ No. 1, Europe), 3-11. Indianapolis, Ind.: Universities Field Staff International, 1990.

   ■, and Alex Macleod. Politics in Contemporary Portugal: Parties and the Consolidation of Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1986.

   ■ Carvalho, Ortelo Saraiva de. Cinco Meses Mudaram Portugal. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. Alvorada em Abril. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Cid, Augusto. PREC-Processo Revolucionário Eventualmente Chocante. Viseu, 1977.

   ■ Costa Lobo, Marina, and Pedro C. Magalhaes. "From 'Third Wave' to 'Third Way': Europe and the Portuguese Socialists (1975-1999)," Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans 3, no. 1 (2001), 25-35.

   ■ Costa Pinto, Antônio, ed. Modern Portugal. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.

   ■, and Nuno Severiano Teixeira, eds. Southern Europe and the Making of the European Union. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2002.

   ■ Cunhal, Alvaro. A Revolução Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Dias, Eduardo Mayone. Portugal's Secret Jews: The End of an Era. Rumford, R.I.: Peregrinação Publications, 1999.

   ■ Downs, Charles. "Comissões de Moradores and Urban Struggles in Revolutionary Portugal." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 4 (1986): 267-94.

   ■. Revolution at the Grassroots: Community Organizations in the Portuguese Revolution. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.

   ■ Dufour, Jean-Marc. Prague sur Tage. Paris, 1975.

   ■ Durão Barroso, José. Le systémepolitiqueportugais face à l'intégration euro-péenne. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Eisfeid, Rainer. "Portugal: What Role/What Future?" In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution. New York: RIIC, Columbia University, 1984.

   ■. Sozialistischer Pluralismus in Europa: Ansãtze und Scheitern am Beispiel Portugal. Cologne: Verlag Wissenchaft ünd Politik, 1985.

   ■. "Portugal and Western Europe." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 29-62. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Farinha, Luis. "Regresso a Europa. Uma opcao feliz." Historia. XXIX; 95, III series (March 2007), 23-33.

   ■ Faye, Jean-Pierre, ed. Portugal: The Revolution in the Labyrinth. Nottingham, U.K.: Spokesman, 1976. Ferreira, Hugo Gil, and Michael W. Marshall. Portugal's Revolution: Ten Years On. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Figueira, João Costa. Cavaco Silva: Homem de Estado. Lisbon, 1987. Filoche, Gérard. Printemps Portugais. Paris: Editions Action, 1984. Frémontier, Jacques. Os Pontos nos ii. Lisbon, 1976. Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. 25 de Abril-10 anos depois. Lisbon, 1984. Futscher Pereira, Bernardo. "Portugal and Spain." In K. Maxwell, ed. Portugal in the 1980s, 63-87. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Gama, Jaime. Política Externa Portuguesa 1983-85: Ministério dos Negôcios Estrangeiros. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■. "Preface." In J. Calvet de Magalhães, A. de Vasconcelos, and J. Ramos Silva, eds., Portugal: An Atlantic Paradox, 9-11. Lisbon, 1990. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino. As Eleições De 25 De Abril: Geografia E Imagem Dos Partidos. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. "10 Anos de Democracia: Reflexos na geografia política." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opelio, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal 1974-1984/ Conflitos e Mudanças em Portugal, 1974-1984, 135-55. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■, et al. As Eleições para assembleia da república, 1979-1983: Estudos de geografia eleitoral. Lisbon, 1984. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino, eds. Portugal em mapas e em números. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Giaccone, Fausto. Una Storia Portoghese/ Uma História Portuguesa. Palermo: Randazzo Focus, 1987.

   ■ Gladdish, Ken. "Portugal: An Open Verdict." In Geoffrey Pridham, ed. Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe, 104-25. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.

   ■ Graham, Lawrence S. The Decline and Collapse of an Authoritarian Order. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975.

   ■, and Harry M. Makler, eds. Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Grayson, George W. "Portugal and the Armed Forces Movement." Orbis XIX, 2 (Summer 1975): 335-78.

   ■ Green, Gil. Portugal's Revolution. New York: International, 1976.

   ■ Hammond, John L. Building Popular Power: Workers' and Neighborhood Movements in the Portuguese Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.

   ■ Harsgor, Michael. Naissance d'un Nouveau Portugal. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1975.

   ■. Portugal in Revolution. Washington, D.C.: CSIS and Sage, 1976.

   ■ Harvey, Robert. Portugal, Birth of a Democracy. London: Macmillan, 1978.

   ■ Herr, Richard, ed. Portugal: The Long Road to Democracy and Europe. Berkeley, Calif.: International and Area Studies, 1992.

   ■ Insight Team of the Sunday [London] Times. Insight on Portugal: The Year of the Captains. London: Deutsch, 1975.

   ■ Janitschek, Hans. Mario Soares: Portrait of a Hero. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.

   ■ Keefe, Eugene K., et al. Area Handbook for Portugal, 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Area Studies of American University, 1977. Kramer, Jane. "A Reporter at Large: The Portuguese Revolution." The New Yorker (Dec. 15, 1975): 92-131.

   ■ Lauré, Jason, and Ettagal Lauré. Jovem Portugal: After the Revolution. New York: Straus, Farrar and Giroux, 1977.

   ■ Livermore, H. V. A New History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

   ■ Lourenço, Eduardo. Os Militares e O Poder. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. O Fascismo Nunca Existiu. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. "Identidade e Memôria: o caso português." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-l 984, 17-22. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Lucena, Manuel. Evolução e Instituições: A Extinção dos Grémios da Lavoura Alentejanos. Mem Martins, 1984.

   ■. "A herança de duas revoluções." In M. Baptista Coelho, ed., Portugal: O Sistema Político e Constitucional, 1974-87, 505-55. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Macedo, Jorge Braga de, and S. Serfaty. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. New York: Praeger, 1981.

   ■ Magone, José M. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. New York: St. Martin's, 1997. Mailer, Phil. Portugal: The Impossible Revolution. London: Solidarity, 1977. Manta, João Abel. Cartoons/ 1969-1975. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Manuel, Paul C. Uncertain Outcome: The Politics of Portugal's Transition to Democracy. Lanham, Md. and London: University Press of America, 1994.

   ■ Mateus, Rui. Contos Proibidos. Memorias de Um PS Desconhecido, 3rd ed. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1996.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth. "Portugal under Pressure." The New York Review of Books (May 2, 1974).

   ■. "The Hidden Revolution in Portugal." The New York Review of Books (April 17, 1975).

   ■. "The Thorns of the Portuguese Revolution." Foreign Affairs 54, 2 (Jan. 1976): 250-70.

   ■. "The Communists and the Portuguese Revolution." Dissent 27, 2 (Spring 1980): 194-206.

   ■. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

   ■, ed. "Portugal: Toward the Twenty-First Century." Camoes Center Quarterly 5, 3-4 (Fall 1995): 6-55.

   ■, ed. The Press and the Rebirth of Iberian Democracy. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983.

   ■. Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution: Reports of Three Columbia University-Gulbenkian Workshops. New York: Research Institute on International Change, Columbia University, 1984.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth, and Michael H. Haltzel, eds. Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.

   ■ Medeiros Ferreira, José. Ensaio Histórico sobre a revolução do 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Medina, João, ed. Portugal De Abril: Do 25 Aos Nossos Dias. In Medina, ed., História Contemporãnea De Portugal. Lisbon, 1985. Merten, Peter. Anarchismus ünd Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libertare, 1981.

   ■ Miranda, Jorge. Constituição e Democracia. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. A Constituição de 1976. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Morrison, Rodney J. Portugal: Revolutionary Change in an Open Economy. Boston: Auburn House, 1981.

   ■ Mujal-Leôn, Eusebio. "The PCP [Portuguese Communist Party] and the Portuguese Revolution." Problems of Communism 26 (Jan.- Feb. 1977): 21-41.

   ■ Neves, Mário. Missão em Moscovo. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Oliveira, César. M. F. A. e Revolução Socialista. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. Os Anos Decisivos: Portugal 1962-1985. Um testemunho. Lisbon: Presença, 1993.

   ■ Opello, Waiter C., Jr. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.

   ■. Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991.

   ■ Pell, Senator Claiborne H. Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.

   ■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.

   ■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).

   ■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.

   ■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.

   ■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? Paris, 1976.

   ■ Pulido Valente, Vasco. "E Viva Otelo." In Pulido Valente, V., ed., O País das Maravilhas, 451-54. Lisbon, 1979 [anthology of articles from weekly Lisbon paper, Expresso].

   ■. Estudos Sobre a Crise Nacional. Lisbon, 1980.

   ■ Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo. O Sistema de Governo Português antes e depois da Revisão Constitucional, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1981. Rêgo, Raúl. Militares, Clérigos e Paisanos. Lisbon, 1981. Robinson, Richard A. H. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, Avelino, Cesário Borga, and Mário Cardoso. O Movemento dos Capitães e o 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.

   ■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.

   ■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.

   ■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.

   ■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,

   ■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.

   ■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).

   ■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.

   ■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Stock, Maria José. Os Partidos do Poder: Dez Anos Depois do " 25 De Abril." Evora, 1986.

   ■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.

   ■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.

   ■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.

   ■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.

   ■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.

   ■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA

   ■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.

   ■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.

   ■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.

   ■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.

   ■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.

   ■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.

   ■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.

   ■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.

   ■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.

   ■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.

   ■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.

   ■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY

   ■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).

   ■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da

   ■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

   ■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.

   ■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.

   ■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.

   ■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.

   ■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.

   ■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.

   ■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.

   ■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.

   ■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:

   ■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.

   ■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS

   ■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.

   ■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.

   ■. The Journal of William Beckford in Portugal and Spain 1787-1788.

   ■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.

   ■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.

   ■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.

   ■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.

   ■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.

   ■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.

   ■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.

   ■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.

   ■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.

   ■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.

   ■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.

   ■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.

   ■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

   ■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.

   ■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.

   ■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.

   ■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.

   ■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.

   ■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.

   ■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.

   ■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.

   ■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. London: Ward, Lock & Taylor, ca. 1874.

   ■ Link, Henry Frederick. Travels in Portugal and France and Spain. London: Longman & Rees, 1801.

   ■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.

   ■. They Went to Portugal, Too. Manchester: Carcanet Books, 1990.

   ■ Merle, Iris. Portuguese Panorama. London: Ouzel, 1958.

   ■ Murphy, J. C. Travels in Portugal. London: 1795.

   ■ Proper, Datus C. The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.

   ■ Quillinan, Dorothy [Wordsworth]. Journal of a Few Months in Portugal with Glimpses of the South of Spain. 2 vol. London: Moxon, 1847. Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1954. Smith, Karine R. Until Tomorrow: Azores and Portugal. Snohomish, Wash.: Snohomish Publishing, 1978. Southey, Robert. Journals of a Residence in Portugal, 1800-1801 and a Visit to France, 1838. London and New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1912. Thomas, Gordon Kent. Lord Byron's Iberian Pilgrimage. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983. Twiss, Richard. Travels through Portugal and Spain in 1772-1773. London, 1775.

   ■ Watson, Gilbert. Sunshine and Sentiment in Portugal. London: Arnold, 1904. Wheeler, Douglas L. "A[n American] Fulbrighter in Lisbon, Portugal, 196162." Portuguese Studies Review 1 (1991): 9-16.

   ■ PORTUGUESE CARTOGRAPHY, DISCOVERIES, AND NAVIGATION

   ■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Curso de História de Naútica. Coimbra, 1972.

   ■. Introdução a história dos descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Mem Martins, 1983.

   ■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon: Alfa, 1983.

   ■. Navegadores, viajantes e adventureiros portugueses: Séculos XV e XVI. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■. Portuguese Books on Nautical Science from Pedro Nunes to 1650. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Boorstin, Daniel. The Discoverers. New York: Random House, 1983. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.

   ■ Brazão, Eduardo. La découverte de Terre-Neuve. Montreal: Les Presses de l'Université, 1964.

   ■. "Les Corte-Real et le Nouveau Monde." Revue d'histoire d'Amérique Française 19, 1 (1965): 335-49. Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira de Mota. Cartografia Portuguesa Antiga. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■. Portugalia Monumenta Cartográfica, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.

   ■. História da Cartografia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1969-70.

   ■ Cortesão, Jaime. L'expansion des portugais dans l'historie de la civilisation. Brussels, 1930.

   ■. Os descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. V. Magalhães Godinho and Joel Serrão, eds. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■. A expansão dos Portugueses no período henriquinho. Lisbon, 1965.

   ■. Descobrimentos precolombanos dos portugueses. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■ Costa, Abel Fontoura da. A Marinharia dos Descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■ Costa Brochado, Idalino F. Descobrimento do Atlântico. Lisbon, 1958. English ed., 1959-60.

   ■ Coutinho, Admiral Gago. A naútica dos descobrimentos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1951-52.

   ■ Crone, G. R. Maps and Their Makers. New York: Capricorn Books, 1966.

   ■ Dias, José S. da Silva. Os descobrimentos e a problemática cultural do Século XVI, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Disney, Anthony, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.

   ■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães, ed. Documentos sobre a expansão portuguesa [ to 1460], 3 vols. Lisbon, 1945-54.

   ■ Guedes, Max, and Gerald Lombardi, eds. Portugal. Brazil: The Age of Atlantic Discoveries. Lisbon: Bertrand; Milan: Ricci; Brazilian Culture Foundation, 1990. [Catalogue of New York Public Library Exhibit, Summer 1990]

   ■ Harley, J. B., and David Woodward. The History of Cartography. Volume 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval Europe and Mediterranean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

   ■ Leite, Duarte. História dos Descobrimentos: Colectânea de esparsos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1958-61.

   ■ Ley, Charles. Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663. London: Dent, 1953.

   ■ Marques, J. Martins da Silva. Descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1944-71.

   ■ Martyn, John R. C., ed. Pedro Nunes ( 1502-1578): His Lost Algebra and Other Discoveries. John R. C. Martyn, trans. New York: Peter Lang, 1996.

   ■ Morison, Samuel Eliot. The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A. D. 500-1600. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.

   ■. Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.

   ■ Mota, Avelino Teixeira da. Mar, Além-Mar-Estudos e Ensaios de História e Geografia. Lisbon, 1972.

   ■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Vida e Obra do Infante D. Henrique. Lisbon, 1959.

   ■ Parry, J. H. The Discovery of the Sea. New York: Dial, 1974.

   ■ Penrose, Boies. Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, 1420-1620. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952.

   ■ Peres, Damião. História dos Descobrimentos Portugueses. Oporto, 1943.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. The Portuguese Pioneers. London, 1933; New York: Barnes & Noble, 1967.

   ■ Rogers, Francis M. Precision Astrolabe: Portuguese Navigators and Transoceanic Aviation. Lisbon, 1971.

   ■ Seary, E. R. "The Portuguese Element in the Place Names of Newfoundland." In Luís Albuquerque, ed., Vice-Almirante A. Teixeira da Mota: In Memo-riam. Vol. II, 359-64. Lisbon: Academia da Marinha, 1989.

   ■ Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

   ■ Velho, Alvaro. Roteiro ( Navigator's Route) da Primeira Viagem de Vasco da Gama ( 1497-1499). Lisbon, 1960.

   ■ Winius, George, ed. Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval toward the Modern World 1300-ca. 1600. Madison, Wisc.: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1995.

   ■ PORTUGAL AND HER OVERSEAS EMPIRES (1415-1975)

   ■ Abshire, David M., and Michael A. Samuels, eds. Portuguese Africa: A Handbook. New York: Praeger, 1969.

   ■ Afonso, Aniceto, and Carlos de Matos Gomes. Guerra Colonial. Lisbon: Noticias, 2001.

   ■ Albuquerque, J. Moushino de. Moçambique. Lisbon, 1898.

   ■ Alden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire & Beyond. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995.

   ■ Alexandre, Valentim. Orígens do Colonialismo Português Moderno ( 18221891). Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1979.

   ■. Velho Brasil, Novas Africas: Portugal e o Império ( 1808-1975). Oporto: Afrontamento, 2000.

   ■, and Jill Dias, eds. "O Império Africano 1825-1890. Volume X." In J.

   ■ Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds., Nova História Da Expansão Portuguesa. Lisbon: Estampa, 1998.

   ■ Ames, Glen J. "The Carreira da India, 1668-1682: Maritime Enterprise and the Quest for Stability in Portugal's Asian Empire." Journal of European Economic History 20, 1 (1991): 7-28.

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   ■. Vasco da Gama. Renaissance Crusader. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2005.

   ■ Antunes, José Freire. O Império com Pés de Barro: Colonizaçao e Descolonização: As Ideologias em Portugal. Lisbon: D. Quixote, 1980.

   ■. O Factor Africano 1890-1990. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1990.

   ■. A Guerra De Africa 1961-1974, 2 vols. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1995-96.

   ■. Jorge Jardim: Agente Secreto 1919-1982. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1996.

   ■ Axelson, Eric A. South-East Africa, 1488-1530. London: Longmans, 1940.

   ■. "Prince Henry and the Discovery of the Sea Route to India." Geographical Journal (U.K.) 127, 2 (June 1961): 145-58.

   ■. Portugal and the Scramble for Africa, 1875-1891. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1967.

   ■. Portuguese in South-East Africa, 1488-1699. Cape Town: Struik, 1973.

   ■. Congo to Cape: Early Portuguese Explorers. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.

   ■ Azevedo, Mário. Historical Dictionary of Mozambique, 2nd ed. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2003.

   ■ Baião, António, Hernãni Cidade, and Manuel Murias, eds. História da Expansão Portuguesa no Mundo, 4 vols. Lisbon, 1937-40.

   ■ Bender, Gerald J. "The Limits of Counterinsurgency [in the Angolan War, 1961-72]." Comparative Politics (1972): 331-60.

   ■. Angola under the Portuguese: The Myth Versus Reality. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.

   ■ Bhíla, H. H. K. Trade and Politics in a Shona Kingdom: The Manyika and Their Portuguese and African Neighbours, 1875-1902. Harlow, U.K.: Longman, 1990.

   ■ Birmingham, David. The Portuguese Conquest of Angola. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965.

   ■. Trade and Conflict in Angola. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966.

   ■. Frontline Nationalism in Angola & Mozambique. London: James Currey, 1992.

   ■. Portugal and Africa. New York: St. Martins, 1999.

   ■ Bottineau, Yves. Le Portugal Et Sa Vocation Maritime. Paris: Boccard, 1977. Boxer, C. R. Fidalgos in the Far East— Fact and Fancy in the History of Macau. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1948. ———. The Christian Century in Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951.

   ■ ———. Salvador de Sá and the Struggle for Brazil and Angola, 1602-1688. London, 1952.

   ■ ———. Four Centuries of Portuguese Expansion, 1415-1825: A Succinct Survey. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1961.

   ■ ———. The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695-1750. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962.

   ■ ———. Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1415-1825. Oxford:

   ■ Clarendon Press, 1963. ———. Portuguese Society in the Tropics. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965.

   ■ ———. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825. London: Hutchi nson, 1969.

   ■ ———, and Carlos de Azevedo, eds. Fort Jesus and the Portuguese in Mombasa. London: Hollis and Carter, 1960.

   ■ Broadhead, Susan H. Historical Dictionary of Angola, 2nd ed. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1992.

   ■ Burton, Richard. Goa and the Blue Mountains. London: Bentley, 1851.

   ■ Cabral, Luís. Crónica da Libertação. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Caetano, Marcello. Colonizing Traditions, Principles and Methods of the Portuguese. Lisbon, 1951.

   ■ ———. Portugal E A Internacionalização Dos Problemas Africanos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1965.

   ■ Cann, John P. Counterinsurgency in Africa: The Portuguese Way of War, 1961-1974. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1997. Castelo, Claudia. " O modo portugues de estar no mundo." O luso-tropicalismo e a ideologia colonial portuguesa ( 1931-1961). Oporto: Afrontamento, 1998. Castro, Armando. O Sistema Colonial Português em Africa ( meados do Século XX). Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Chaliand, Gerard. "The Independence of Guinea-Bissau and the Heritage of [Amilcar] Cabral." In Revolution in the Third World. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1978.

   ■ Chilcote, Ronald H. Portuguese Africa. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1967.

   ■ Clarence-Smith, Gervase. Slaves, Peasants and Capitalists in Southern Angola 1840-1926. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

   ■ ———. The Third Portuguese Empire 1825-1975: A Study in Economic Imperialism. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 1985.

   ■ Coates, Timothy J. Convicts and Orphans: Forced and State-Sponsored Colonizers in the Portuguese Empire, 1550-1720. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2001.

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   ■ Disney, Anthony R. Twilight of the Pepper Empire: Portuguese Trade in Southwest India in the Early Seventeenth Century. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978.

   ■ ———, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.

   ■ Duffy, James. Shipwreck and Empire: Being an Account of Portuguese Maritime Disaster in a Century of Decline. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1955.

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   ■ Galvão, Henrique, and Carlos Selvagam. O Império Ultramarino Português, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1953.

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   ■ ———. Portugal and Africa, 1815-1910: A Study in Uneconomic Imperialism. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1966.

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   ■ Henderson, Lawrence W. Angola: Five Centuries of Conflict. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1979. ———. A Igreja Em Angola. Lisbon: Edit. Além-Mar, 1990. Heywood, Linda. Contested Power in Angola 1840s to the Present. Rochester, N.Y.: University of Rochester Press, 2000.

   ■ Hilton, Anne. The Kingdom of Kongo. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.

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   ■ ———. The Tradition of Resistance in Mozambique: Anti-Colonial Activity in the Zambesi Valley 1850-1921. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.

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   ■ ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, RURAL AND URBAN SOCIETY

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   ■ Ferreira de Almeida, João. Classes sociais nos campos. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Fonseca, Ramiro da. O Livro da Saúde e da Doença. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Gallop, Rodney. Portugal: A Book of Folk-Ways. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1936. Reprinted, 1961.

   ■ Hoefgen, Lynn. "The Integration of Returnees from the Colonies into Portugal's Social and Economic Life." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, 1985.

   ■ Ingerson, Alice Elizabeth. "Corporatism and Class Consciousness in Northwestern Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology. Johns Hopkins University, 1984.

   ■ Jenkins, Robin. The Road to Alto. London: Pluto Press, 1979.

   ■ Lawrence, Denise. "Menstrual Politics: Women and Pigs in Rural Portugal." In T. Buckley and A. Gottlieb, eds., Blood Magic: The Anthropology of Menstruation, 117-36. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

   ■. "Suburbanization of House Form and Gender Relations in a Rural Portuguese Agro-Town." Architecture and Behavior 4, 3 (1988): 197-212.

   ■ Martins, Hermínio. "Portugal." In Margaret S. Archer and Salvador Giner, eds., Contemporary Europe: Class, Status and Power. New York: St. Martins, 1971.

   ■ Mattoso, José. Identificação de um país. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Merten, Peter. Anarchismüs und Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libera-tare Association, 1981.

   ■ Monteiro, Paulo. Terra que ja foi terra: Análise Sociológica de nove lugares agro-pastorais da Serra da Lousã. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Nataf, Daniel. "Social Cleavages and Regime Formation in Contemporary Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Political Science, UCLA, 1987.

   ■ Nazareth, J. Manuel. "Familia e Emigração em Portugal: Ensaio Exploratório." Economia e Socialismo 23 (1977): 31-50.

   ■ O'Neill, Brian Juan. "Dying and Inheriting in Rural Tras-os-Montes." Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford 14 (1983): 44-74.

   ■. Social Inequality in a Portuguese Hamlet: Land, Late Marriage, and Inheritance, 1870-1978. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

   ■ Pacheco, Helder. Tradições Populares de Portugal. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Pardoe, Julia. Traits and Traditions of Portugal, 2 vols. London, 1832.

   ■ Pereira Neto, João Baptista. "Social Evolution in Portugal since 1945." In Raymond S. Sayers, ed., Portugal and Brazil in Transition, 212-27. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1968.

   ■ Pina-Cabral, João de. Sons of Adam, Daughters of Eve: The Peasant World-View of the Alto Minho. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.

   ■. "Sociocultural Differentiation and Regional Identity in Portugal." In

   ■ R. Herr and J. H. Polt, eds., Iberian Identity, 3-18. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1989.

   ■ Poinard, Michel. La Retour des Traveilleurs Portugais. Paris: La Documentation Francaise, 1979.

   ■ Reed, Robert Roy. "Managing the Revolution: Revolutionary Promise and Political Reality in Rural Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, 1988.

   ■ Riegelhaupt, Joyce F. "In the Shadow of the City: Integration of a Portuguese Village" [São João das Lampas, nr, Cascais]. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, 1964.

   ■. "Saloio Women: An Analysis of Informal and Formal Political and Economic Roles of Portuguese Peasant Women." Anthropological Quarterly 40, 3 (July 1967): 109-26.

   ■. "Festas and Padres: The Organization of Religious Action in a Portuguese Parish." American Anthropologist 75 (1973): 835-52.

   ■. "Peasants and Politics in Salazar's Portugal: The Corporate State and Village 'Nonpolitics'" In L. S. Graham and H. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents, 167-90. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, Julieta E. S. de Almeida. "Continuity and Change in Urban Portuguese Women's Roles: Emerging New Household Structures." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology, Columbia University, 1979.

   ■ Rowland, Robert. "Demographic Patterns and Rural Society in Portugal." So-ciologica Ruralis 26, 1 (1986): 36-47.

   ■ Sanchis, Pierre. Arraial. La Fête d'un Peuple: Les Pélerinages Populaires au Portugal. Paris, 1976.

   ■ Siegel, Bernard J. "Social Structure and Medical Practitioners in Rural Brazil and Portugal." Sociologia (São Paulo) 20, 4 (Oct. 1958): 463-76.

   ■. "Conflict, Parochialism and Social Differentiation in Portuguese Society." Journal of Conflict Resolution V, 1 (March 1961): 35-12.

   ■ Smith, T. Lynn. "The Social Relationships of Man to the Land in Portugal." Sociologia 25, 1 (Dec. 1963): 319-43.

   ■ Sousa Santos, Boaventura. "Estado e sociedade na semiperíferia do sistema mundiale: O caso português." Análise Social 87-89 (1985): 869-902.

   ■. "Social Crisis and the State." In Kenneth Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation, 167-95. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Vasconcellos, Joaquim Leite de. Ethnograia Portuguesa, 8 vols. Lisbon, 1941-82.

   ■. Tradições Populares Portugueses. New ed. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Willems, Emilio. "On Portuguese Family Structure." International Journal of Comparative Society (Dharwar, India) 3, 1 (Sept. 1962): 65-79.

   ■ ARTS, ARCHITECTURE, URBAN PLANNING, MUSIC

   ■ Almeida, Rodrigo Vicente de. História da Arte em Portugal: ( Segundo Estudo) Documentos lnéditos. Oporto, 1883. Almeida D'Eca, Admiral Vicente M. Castles of Portugal. Lisbon, 1925. Amaral, Francisco K. Lisboa: Uma Cidade em Transformação. Lisbon, 1969. Azevedo, Carlos de, and Chester Brummel. Churches of Portugal. New York: Scala Books, 1985.

   ■ Barreira, João, ed. Arte Portuguesa: As Decorativas, 2 vols. Lisbon, n.d.

   ■ Barretto, Mascarenhas, and George Dykes. Fado: Lyrical Origins and Poetical Motivation. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Binney, Marcus. Country Manors of Portugal. London: Scala, 1987.

   ■ Branco, Luís de Freitas. A Música em Portugal. Lisbon, 1930.

   ■ Brito, Manuel Carlos de. Opera in Portugal in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

   ■ Carvalho, Pinto de. História de Fado. Lisbon, 1903 and 1982 eds.

   ■ Castro d'Aire, Teresa. O Fado. Lisbon: Temas da Actualidade, 1996.

   ■ Chicó, Mário Tavares. A Architectura Gótica em Portugal. Lisbon, 1968.

   ■ França, José-Augusto. A Arte em Portugal No Século XIX. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■. Lisboa Pombalina e o Illuminismo, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■. A Reconstrucão e a Arquitectura Pombalina. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Gallop, Rodney. "The Fado (The Portuguese Song of Fate)." Musical Quarterly XIX (1933): 199-213.

   ■. Eight Portuguese Folksongs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1936.

   ■ Gil, Júlio. The Finest Churches in Portugal. Lisbon, 1988.

   ■. The Finest Castles in Portugal, 3rd ed. George F. W. Dykes, trans. Lisbon, 1996.

   ■ Gonçalves, Rui Mário. Pintura e escultura em Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto de Cultura, 1984.

   ■. 100 Pintores Portugueses do século XX. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

   ■ Kubler, George. Portuguese Plain Architecture: Between Spices and Diamonds, 1521-1706. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1972.

   ■. Studies in Ancient American and European Art: The Collected Essays of George Kubler. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985.

   ■, and Martin Soria. Art and Architecture in Spain and Portugal. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1959.

   ■ Lacerda, Aarão de. História da Arte em Portugal, 2 vols. Oporto, 1942-48.

   ■ Leão, Joaquim de Sousa. "Decorative Art: The Azulejo." In H. V. Livermore, ed. Portugal and Brazil: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953.

   ■ Lopes Graça, Fernando. A canção popular portuguesa. Lisbon, 1953.

   ■. A música portuguesa e os sus problemas: Ensaios. Lisbon, 1959.

   ■ Moita, Luís. O fado: canção de vencidos. Lisbon, 1936.

   ■ Neves, José Cassiano. The Palace and Gardens of Fronteira: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Portuguese Style. Lisbon: Quetzal and Scala, 1995. North, C.T. Guia dos castelos antigos de Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon: Bertrand Ed., 2002.

   ■ Pacheco, Jose. Stuart Carvalhais. O desenho grafico e a imprensa. Lisbon: Biblioteca do Empresario, 2000. Pereira, Paulo, ed. Arte portuguesa. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1995. Picchio, Luciana Stegagno. Storia del Teatro Portoghese. Rome: Edizinio deli' Ateneo, 1964.

   ■ Queirós, José. Cerâmica Portuguesa, 2 vols. 2nd rev. ed. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ Santos, Luís Reis. Monuments of Portugal. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■ Santos, Reinaldo dos. A Escultura em Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1948-50.

   ■. História da Arte em Portugal. Oporto, 1953.

   ■ Sasportes, José. História da Dança em Portugal. Lisbon, 1970. Simões, J. M. dos Santos. "Azulejos in a Land of Many Colours." Connoisseur (London) CXXXVII, 551 (1956): 15-21.

   ■. Azulejaria em Portugal no Século X VIII. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Smith, Robert C. A Talha em Portugal. Lisbon, 1963.

   ■. The Art of Portugal, 1500-1800. London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968.

   ■. "The Building of Mafra." Apollo 97, 134 (April 1973): 360-67.

   ■ Stoop, Anne de. Demeures portugaises dans les environs de Lisbonne. Paris: Weber, 1986.

   ■. Palais et manoirs: Le Minho. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1995.

   ■ Tannock, Michael. Portuguese 20th Century Artists: A Biographical Dictionary. Chichester, U.K.: Phillimore, 1978.

   ■ Taylor, René. "The Architecture of Port Wine." The Architectural Review CXXIX, 772 (1961): 368-99.

   ■ Terol, Marylene. Azulejos a Lisbonne. Paris: Hervas, 1992.

   ■ Veiga de Oliveira, Ernesto. Instrumentos musicais populares portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Watson, Walter Crum. Portuguese Architecture. London: Constable, 1908. Wohl, Hellmut. "Carlos Mardel and His Lisbon Architecture." Apollo 97, 134 (April 1973): 350-59.

   ■ Sculpture and Ceramics

   ■ Andrade, Sergio de. "Presepios." In Dicionario de Arte Barroca em Portugal. Lisbon: Presenca, 1989. Barreira, Joao. Arte Portuguesa, Arquitectura e Escultura. Lisbon: Excelsior, n.d.

   ■ Cardoso, Arnaldo Pinto. O Presepio Barroco Portugues. Lisbon: Bertrand, 2003.

   ■ Chaves, Luis. Os Barristas Portugueses. Coimbra, 1925.

   ■. Natal Portugues. Oporto: Liv. Classica Editora, 1942.

   ■ Gargano, Pietro. Il Presepio. Otto Secoli di Storia, Arte, Tradizione. Milan: Fenice, 1995.

   ■ Lima, Henrique de Campos F. Joaquim Machado de Castro, Escultor Conimbricense. Coimbra: Instituto de Historia de Arte, 1989. Macedo, Diogo de. Presepios Portugueses. Lisbon: Artis, 1951.

   ■. Machado de Castro. Lisbon: Artis, 1958.

   ■ Morais, Heitor. Natal do Meu Coracao. Braga: Ed. A.O., 1991.

   ■ Pais, Alexandre Nobre. Presepios Portugueses Monumentos do Seculo XVIII em Terracotta, 2 vols. Master's thesis in history of art, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1998.

   ■ Queiros, Jose. Ceramica Portuguesa. Lisbon: Presenca, 1998. Santos, Reinaldo dos. A Escultura em Portugal. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1951. Serrao, Vitor. Historia da Arte em Portugal IV-O Barroco. Lisbon: Presenca, 2003.

   ■ Smith, Robert C. The Art Of Portugal 1500-1800. New York: Meredith Press, 1968.

   ■ Sousa, Ernesto de. Presepios. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1998.

   ■ Cinema

   ■ Antunes, Joao and Jose de Matos-Cruz, Cinema Portugues 1896-1998. Lisbon: Lusomundo, 1997.

   ■ Bandeira, Jose Gomes. Porto: 100 anos de cinema portugues. Oporto: Camara Municipal do Porto, 1996. Duarte, Fernando. Primitivos do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Cinecultura, 1960.

   ■ Faria de Almeida, M., Resumo da Historia do Cinema. Lisbon: RTP, 1982. Nobre, Roberto. Singularidades do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Portugalia, n.d.

   ■ Pina, Luis de. Aventura do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Vega, 1977.

   ■. Documentarismo Portugues. Lisbon: IPC, 1977.

   ■. Panorama do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Terra Livre, 1978.

   ■. Historia do Cinema Portugues. Mem Martins: Europa-America, 1986.

   ■ Ribeiro, Felix. O Cinema Portugues antes do Sonoro. Esboco Historiconema Portugues. Lisbon: Terra Livre, 1978.

   ■. Panorama do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: n.d.

   ■ Children's Literature

   ■ Andresen, Sofia de Melo Breyner. A Fada Oriana. 9th ed. Lisbon: Figueiri-nhas, 1985.

   ■ Araújo, Matilde Rosa. A estrada fascinante. Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 1988. Barreto, Garcia. Literatura Para Crianças E Jovens Em Portugal. Oporto:

   ■ Campo Das Letras, 1998. Bastos, Glória. A escrita para crianças em Portugal no seculo XIX. Lisbon:

   ■ Caminho da Educaçao, 1997. Cadet, Maria Rita Chiappe. Os Contos da Mamã. Lisbon: Lallement Freres, 1883.

   ■ Castro, Fernanda. Mariazinha em Africa, 2nd ed. Lisbon: Portugália, 1947. Cross, Esther, and Wilbur Cross. Portugal. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1986. DeSkalon, Anna, and Christa Stadtler. We Live in Portugal. New York: Watts, 1987.

   ■ Gomes, Alice. A Nau Catrineta, 2nd ed. Lisbon: Portugália, 1973.

   ■. A literatura para a infância. Lisbon: Torres & Abreu, 1979.

   ■ Letria, José Jorge. Do sentimento mágico da vida. Lisbon: Escritor, 1994. Müller, Adolfo Simões. Historiazinha de Portugal, 6th ed. Oporto: Tavares Martins, 1983.

   ■ Osório, Ana de Castro. Para as crianças. Illustr. by Leal da Câmara. Setúbal: Liv. Crianças, 1908.

   ■ Pires, Maria Laura Bettencourt. História da literatura infantil portuguesa. Lisbon: Vega, 1981. Ribeiro, Aquilino. Arca de Noé-III Classe. Lisbon, 1989. Rocha, Natércia. Breve História da Literatura para Crianças em Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto de Cultura e Língua Portuguesa, 1984.

   ■. Bibliografia geral da literatura portuguesa para crianças. Lisbon: Edit. Comunicação, 1987.

   ■ Sá, Domingos Guimarães de. A literatura infantil em Portugal. Braga: Edit. Franciscana, 1981.

   ■ Selfridge. John. Portugal. New York: Chelsea House, 1990. Vaz de Carvalho, Maria Amália. Contos para os Nossos Filhos, 11th ed. Oporto: Barreira, 1947.

   ■ Viana, António Manuel Couto. Jõao de Deus e um século de literatura infantil em Portugal. Lisbon: Ed. do Templo, 1978.

   ■ Lisbon, Capital City, in History and Literature

   ■ Castelo-Branco, Fernando. Lisboa Seiscentista, 3rd ed. Lisbon: 1969.

   ■ Castilho, Júlio de. Lisboa Antiga, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1935-45.

   ■ Couto, Dejanirah. Histoire de Lisbonne. Paris: Fayard, 2000.

   ■ Crespo, Ángel. Lisboa Mítica e Literária. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1987.

   ■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Lisboa Desaparecida. Lisbon: Quimera, 1990.

   ■ Dionísio, Sant'anna, ed. Guia de Portugal. Vol. I: Lisboa e Arredores. Lisbon: Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, 1924, orig. ed; reprint, Gulbenkian Foundation, 1979.

   ■ França, José-Augusto. Lisboa Pombalina e o Iluminismo. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1977.

   ■ Moita, Irisalva, ed. O Livro de Lisboa. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1994.

   ■ Neves, Orlando. Lisboa em Crónica. Lisbon: Author's Ed., 1968.

   ■ Pavão, Luís, and Mário Pereira. Tabernas de Lisboa. Lisbon: Assírio & Alvim, 1981.

   ■ Pessoa, Fernando. Lisboa. O que o turista deve ver: What the Tourist Should See. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1997.

   ■ Queirós, José Maria Eça de. À Capital. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1960.

   ■ Santos, Piedade Braga, et al. Lisboa Setecentista vista por Estrangeiros. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1996.

   ■ Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa. Lisbon: Caminho, 1993.

   ■ Wright, David, and Patrick Swift. Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1971.

   ■ The Inquisition in History

   ■ Azevedo, João Lúcio. Historia das Cristãos-Novos. Lisbon: Liv. Clássica, 1975.

   ■ Baião, António. A Inquisição em Portugal e no Brasil: Subsídios para a sua história. Lisbon: Arquivo Histórico Portugues, 1906. Bethencourt, Francisco. "Portugal: A Scrupulous Inquisition," In Bengt Ankarloo and Gustav Henningsen, eds., Early Modern Witchcraft: Centres and Peripheries, 403-22. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.

   ■. "Os equilíbrios sociais do Poder." In José Mattoso, ed., Historia De Portugal, Vol. 3, No Alvorecer Da Modernidade ( 1480-1620). Lisbon: Estampa, 1993.

   ■. História das Inquisições: Portugal, Espanha e Itália. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1994.

   ■ Braga, Maria Luísa. A Inquisição em Portugal na primeira metade do Séc. XVIII. Lisbon: Inst. Nacional de Investigação Científica, 1992.

   ■ Haliczer, Stephen, ed. Inquisition and Society in Early Modern Europe. London: Croom Helm, 1987.

   ■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. Reprint. New York: AMS Press, 1968.

   ■ Magalhães, Joaquim Romero. "Em Busca dos Tempos da Inquisição (15731615)." Revista de História das Ideias 9 (1987): 191-228.

   ■ Mea, Elvira Cunha Azevedo. A Inquisição de Coimbra no Século XVI. Oporto, 1989.

   ■ Mendonça, José Lourenço D. de, and António Joaquim Moreira. História da Inquisição em Portugal. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1980.

   ■ Novinsky, Anita, and Luísa M. Carneiro, eds. Inquisição: Ensaios sobre Mentalidade, Heresias e Arte. Rio de Janeiro: Expressão e Cultura, 1992.

   ■ Pereira, Isais da Rosa. Documentos para a história da Inquisição em Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Rego, Yvonne Cunha, ed. Feiticeiros, Profetas e Visionários: Textos Antigos Portugueses. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional e Casa da Moeda, 1981.

   ■ Saraiva, António José. Inquisição e cristãos-novos. Lisbon: Estampa, 1985.

   ■ Walker, Timothy Dale. "Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition: The Repression of Popular Healing in Portugal during the Enlightenment Era." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of History, Boston University, 2001.

   ■ Literature in English Translation: Selection

   ■ Alcaforado, Mariana. The Letters of a Portuguese Nun ( Mariana Alcaforado). Edgar Prestage, trans. London: D. Nutt, 1893.

   ■ Andrade, Eugénio de. "White on White." Alexis Levitin, trans. Quarterly Review of Literature. Poetry Series VIII. Vol. 27. Princeton, N.J., 1987.

   ■. Another Name for Earth; O outro nome da terra. Alexis Levitin, trans. Ft. Bragg, Calif.: QED Press, 1997.

   ■ Andresen, Sophia de Mello Breyner. Marine Rose: Selected Poems. Ruth Fain-light, trans. Redding Ridge, Conn.: Swan Books, 1989.

   ■ Antunes, António Lobo. South of Nowhere. Elizabeth Lowe, trans. New York: Random House, 1983.

   ■. Fado Alexandrino. Gregory Rabassa, trans. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1990.

   ■. An Explanation of the Birds. Richard Zenith, trans. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991.

   ■. Act of the Damned. New York: Grove Press, 1995.

   ■. The Natural Order of Things. New York: Grove Press, 2000.

   ■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. The Three Marias: New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. Poems from the Portuguese ( with the Portuguese text). A.

   ■ Bell, trans. Oxford: Blackwell, 1913.

   ■ Camões, Luís de. The Lusiads of Luís de Camões. Leonard Bacon, trans. New York: Hispanic Society of America, 1950.

   ■. The Lusiads. William C. Atkinson, trans. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1952.

   ■. The Lusiads. Landeg White, trans. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

   ■ Castelo Branco, Camilo. Doomed Love ( A Family Memoir). Alice R. Clemente, trans Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1995. Castro, José Maria Ferreira de. Emigrants. Dorothy Ball, trans. New York: Macmillan, 1962.

   ■. Jungle. Charles Duff, trans. New York: Viking, 1935.

   ■. The Mission. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Hamilton, 1963.

   ■ Dantas, Júlio. The Cardinals' Collation, 48th ed. A. Saintsbury, trans. London, 1962.

   ■ Dias de Melo. Dark Stones. Gregory McNab, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1996.

   ■ Dinis, Júlio. The Fidalgos of Casa Mourisca. Rosanna Dabney, trans. Boston: D. Lothrop, 1891.

   ■ Garrett, Almeida. Brother Luiz de Sousa [play]. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Elkin Mathess, 1909.

   ■. Travels in My Homeland. John M. Parker, trans. London: Peter Owen and UNESCO, 1987. Griffin, Jonathan. Camões: Some Poems Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin. London: Menard Press, 1976. Jorge, Lídia. The Murmuring Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.

   ■ Lisboa, Eugénio, ed. Portuguese Short Fiction. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.

   ■ Lopes, Fernão. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, eds. and trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■ Macedo, Helder, ed. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology in English. Helder Macedo, et al., trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet New Press, 1978.

   ■ Martins, J. P. De Oliveira. A History of Iberian Civilization. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans.; preface by Salvador de Madariaga. New York: Cooper Square, 1969.

   ■ Mendes Pinto, Fernão. The Travels of Mendes Pinto [Orig. title: Peregrinação].

   ■ Rebecca D. Catz, trans., with introduction and notes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. Miguéis, José Rodrigues. A Man Smiles at Death with Half a Face. George

   ■ Monteiro, trans. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1991.

   ■. Happy Easter. John Byrne, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1995.

   ■. Steerage and Ten Other Stories. George Monteiro, ed. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1998. Monteiro, Luís De Sttau. The Rules of the Game. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Hamilton, 1965.

   ■ Mourão-Ferreira, David. Lucky in Love. Christine Robinson, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1999. Namora, Fernando. Field of Fate. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1970.

   ■. Mountain Doctor. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1956.

   ■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Inclement Weather over the Channel. Francisco Cota Fagundes, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1993.

   ■. Stormy Isles: An Azorean Tale. Francisco C. Fagundes, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 2000.

   ■ Paço D'Arcos, Joaquim. Memoirs of a Banknote. Robert Lyle, trans. London, 1968.

   ■ Pedroso, Consiglieri, comp. Portuguese Folk-Tales. Henriqueta Monteiro, trans. Reprint of orig. 1882 ed. New York: Benjamin Blom, 1969.

   ■ Pessoa, Fernando. Fernando Pessoa: Sixty Portuguese Poems. F. E. G. Quintanilha, ed. and trans. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1971.

   ■. Selected Poems: Fernando Pessoa. 2nd rev. ed. Jonathan Griffin, trans. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1982.

   ■. The Book of Disquiet. Alfred MacAdams, trans. New York: Pantheon, 1991.

   ■. Fernando Pessoa: Selected Poems. Peter Rickard, ed. and trans. Edinburgh, U.K.: Edinburgh University Press, 1991.

   ■. "The Mariner: A 'Static Drama' in One Act." In Translation: Portugal.

   ■ George Ritchie, et al., trans. The Journal of Literary Translation. Vol. XXV, 38-56. New York: Translation Center, Columbia University, 1991.

   ■. Message: Bilingual Edition. Jonathan Griffin, trans. London: Menard Press and King's College, 1992.

   ■ Pires, José Cardoso. Ballad of a Dog's Beach. Mary Fitton, trans. London: J. M. Dent, 1986.

   ■ Queirós, José Maria Eça de. Cousin Bazilio. Roy Campbell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1953.

   ■. The Relic. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1954.

   ■. The City and the Mountains. Roy Campbell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1955.

   ■. The Sin of Father Amaro. Nan Flanagan, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1962.

   ■. The Maias. Patricia McGowan Pinheiro, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1965.

   ■. The Illustrious House of Ramires. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1968.

   ■. Letters from England. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1970.

   ■. To the Capital. John Vetch, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1995.

   ■ Quental, Antero de. Sixty-four Sonnets. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: David Nutt, 1894.

   ■ Redol, Alves. The Man with Seven Names. L. L. Barrett, trans. New York: Knopf, 1964.

   ■ Resende, André de. André deResende's 'Poema Latina'/ 'Latinpoems.' J. C. R. Martyn, ed. and trans. Lewiston N.Y.: Lampeter and Edwin Mellen, 1998. Ribeiro, Aquilino. When the Wolves Howl. Patricia McGowan Pinheiro, trans. New York: Macmillan; London: Cape, 1963. Sá Carneiro, Mário de. The Great Shadow ( and Other Stories). Margaret Jull Costa, trans. Sawtry, U.K.: Dedalus, 1996. Santareno, Bernardo. The Promise. Nelson H. Vieira, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1981.

   ■ Saramago, José. Baltasar and Blimunda. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1987.

   ■. The Stone Raft. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1991.

   ■. The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1991.

   ■. The History of the Siege of Lisbon. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1996.

   ■. Blindness. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1999.

   ■. Tale of the Unknown Island. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2000.

   ■. All the Names. Margaret Jull Costa, trans. New York: Harcourt, 2000.

   ■. Journey to Portugal. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2001.

   ■ Sena, Jorge de. The Poetry of Jorge de Sena: A Bilingual Selection. Frederick G. Williams et al., trans. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Mudborn Press, 1980.

   ■. By the Rivers of Babylon and Other Stories. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1989.

   ■ Vicente, Gil. Four Plays of Gil Vicente: Edited from the Editio Princeps ( 1562). Aubrey F. G. Bell, ed. and trans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1920.

   ■. Lyrics of Gil Vicente. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Hispanic Notes and Monographs, Portuguese Series 1, 1921.

   ■. The Play of Rubena. Jack E. Tomlins, trans.; Rene P. Garay and José I. Suarez, eds. New York: National Hispanic Foundation for Humanities, 1993.

   ■. The Boat Plays. David Johnston, trans. and adaptation. London: Oberon, 1996.

   ■. Three Discovery Plays. Anthony Lappin, trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1997.

   ■ Vieira, António. Dust Thou Art. Rev. W. Anderson, trans. London, 1882.

   ■ Portuguese and Portuguese-American Cooking: Cuisine

   ■ Anderson, Jean. Food of Portugal. New York: Hearst, 1994. Asselin, E. Donald. A Portuguese-American Cookbook. Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle, 1966.

   ■ Bourne, Ursula. Portuguese Cookery. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1973. Crato, Maria Helena Tavares. Cozinha Portuguesa I, II. Lisbon: Editorial Presença, 1978.

   ■ Dienhart, Miriam, and Anne Emerson, ed. Cooking in Portugal. Cascais: American Women of Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Feibleman, Peter S. The Cooking of Spain and Portugal. New York: Time-Life Books; Foods of the World, 1969.

   ■ Koehler, Margaret H. Recipes from the Portuguese of Provincetown. Riverside, Conn.: Chatham Press, 1973. Manjny, Maite. The Home Book of Portuguese Cookery. London: Faber & Faber, 1974.

   ■ Marques, Susan Lowndes. Good Food from Spain and Portugal. London: Muller, 1956.

   ■ Modesto, Maria de Lourdes. Cozinha Tradicional Portuguesa. Lisbon: Verbo, 1982.

   ■ Ortiz, Elisabeth Lambert. The Food of Spain and Portugal. The Complete Iberian Cuisine. New York: Atheneum, 1989. Pinto, Elvira. La Bonne Cuisine Portugaise. Paris: Edicions Garanciere, 1985.

   ■ Robertson, Carol. Portuguese Cooking: The Authentic and Robust Cuisine of Portugal. Berkeley Calif.: North Atlantic, 1993. Schmaeling, Tony. The Cooking of Spain and Portugal. Ware, U.K.: Omega, 1983.

   ■ Vieira, Édite. The Taste of Portugal. London: Robinson, 1989.

   ■ Von Treskow, Maria. Zü Gast in Portugal: Eine Kulnarische Reise in Garten Europas. Weingarten: Kunstverlag, 1989. Wright, Carol. Portuguese Food. London: Dent, 1969.

   ■. Self-catering in Portugal: Making the Most of Local Food and Drink. London: Croom Helm, 1986.

   ■ Gardens and Gardening of Portugal and Madeira

   ■ Afonso, Simonetta Luz, and Angela Delaforce. Palace of Queluz— The Gardens. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Araújo, Iluídio Alves de. Arte Paisagista e Arte das Jardins em Portugal. Lisbon, 1962.

   ■ Azeredo, Francisco de. Casas Senhoriais Portuguesas. Barcelos, 1986.

   ■ Binney, Marcus. Country Manors of Portugal. New York: Scala Books, 1987.

   ■ Bowe, Patrick, and Nicolas Sapieha. Gardens of Portugal. New York: Scala Books and Harper and Row, 1989.

   ■ Cane, Florence du. The Flowers and Gardens of Madeira. London, 1924.

   ■ Cardoso, Pedro Homem, and Helder Carita. Da Grandeza das Jardins em Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Carita, Helder, and Homem Cardoso. Portuguese Gardens. London: Antique Collector's Club, 1987.

   ■ Costa, António da, and Luís de O. Franquinho. Madeira: Plantas e Floras. Funchal, 1986.

   ■ Nichols, Rose Standish. Spanish and Portuguese Gardens. Boston, 1926.

   ■ Pereira, Arthur D. Sintra and Its Farm Manors. Sintra, 1983.

   ■ Sampaio, Gonçalo. Flora Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1946.

   ■ Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1945.

   ■ Underwood, John, and Pat Underwood. Landscapes of Madeira. London, 1980.

   ■ Vieira, Rui. Flowers of Madeira. Funchal, 1973.

   ■ Viterbo, Francisco Marques de Sousa. A Jardinagem em Portugal, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1906-9.

   ■ Education, Science, Health, and Medical History

   ■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Estudos de História, 3 vols. Coimbra, 1973-81.

   ■. Ciência e experiência nos Descobrimentos portugueses. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■. Para a História de Ciência em Portugal. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■. As Navegaçoes E A Sua Projecção Na Ciência E Na Cultura. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Baião, Antônio. Episódios Dramáticos da Inquisição Portuguesa, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1936-55.

   ■ Cabreira, Antônio. Portugal nos mares e nas ciências. Lisbon, 1929. Carvalho, Rômulo de. A Astronomia em Portugal (séc. xviii). Lisbon, 1985. Fernandes, Barahona. Egas Moniz: Pioneiro de descobrimentos médicos. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Gaitonde, P. D. Portuguese Pioneers in India: Spotlight on Medicine. London: Sangam Books, 1983.

   ■ Hanson, Carl A. "Portuguese Cosmology in the Late Seventeenth Century." In Benjamin F. Taggie and Richard W. Clement, eds., Iberia & the Mediterranean, 75-85. Warrensburg: Central Missouri State University, 1989.

   ■ Higgins, Michael H., and Charles F. S. de Winton. Survey of Education in Portugal. London, 1942.

   ■ Hirsch, Elizabeth Feist. Damião de Góis: The Life and Thought of a Portuguese Humanist. The Hague, 1967.

   ■ Lemos, Maximiano. Arquivos de História da Medicina Portuguesa. Several vols. Lisbon, 1886-1923. Vol. I. História da Medicina em Portugal. Doutrina e Instituições. Lisbon, 1899.

   ■ Mira, Matias Ferreira de. História da Medicina Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ Orta, Garcia de. Colóquios dos Simples e Drogas e Cousas Medicinais da India. Conde de Ficalho, ed., 2 vols. Lisbon, 1891-95.

   ■ Osório, J. Pereira. História e Desenvolvimento da Ciência em Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1986-89.

   ■ Pina, Luís de. "Uma prioridade portuguesa do século XVI. João de Barros e a Dactiloscópia Oriental." Arquivo da Repartição de Antropologia Criminal IV (1936).

   ■. "As Ciências na História do Império Colonial Português — Séculos XV a XIX." Anais de Faculdade de Ciências do Porto ( 1939-10).

   ■. "Os Portugueses Mestres de Ciência e Metras no Estrangeiro." Actas do Congresso do Mundo Português. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■. "A Ciência em Portugal (bosquejo Histórico)." In Secretariado Nacional da Informação, ed., Portugal: Breviário Da Pátria Para Os Portugueses Ausentes, 277-301. Lisbon, 1946.

   ■ Richards, Robert A. C., ed. Guide to World Science: Vol. 9: Spain and Portugal, 2nd ed. Guernsey, U.K.: F. H. Books, 1974.

   ■ Saraiva, António José. História da Cultura em Portugal, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1950-62.

   ■ ———. "João de Barros." In Serrao, ed., Dicionário de História de Portugal 1 (1963): 307-8.

   ■ Silvestre Ribeiro, José. História dos Establecimentos Scientíficos, Literários e Artísticos de Portugal nos Successivos Reinados da Monarchia, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1871-83.

   ■ Veiga-Pires, J. A., and Ronald G. Grainger, eds. Pioneers in Angiography: The Portuguese School ofAngiography. Lancaster, U.K.: MTP Press, 1982.

   ■ Walker, Timothy. "Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition: The Repression of Popular Healing in Portugal during the Enlightenment Era." Ph.D. dissertation, History Department, Boston University, 2001.

   ■ Feminism and Women's Studies

   ■ Barbosa, Madelena. "Women in Portugal." Women's Studies International Quarterly 4 (1981): 477-80.

   ■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. Novas Cartas Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1972.

   ■ ———. The Three Marias. New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.

   ■ Brettell, Caroline B. We Have Already Cried Many Tears: The Stories of Three Portuguese Migrant Women. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1982.

   ■ Ferreira, Virginia. "Engendering Portugal: Social Change, State Politics, and Women's Social Mobilization." In António Costa Pinto, ed., Modern Portugal, 162-88. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.

   ■ Goodwin, Mary. "Portuguese Feminism." Portuguese Studies Newsletter 17 (Spring-Summer 1987): 12-13.

   ■ Lamas, Maria. As Mulheres do Meu País. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ "Mulheres Portuguesas e Feminismo." Análise Social [special number on Portuguese Women and Feminism] 22 (1986): 92-93.

   ■ Osório, Ana de Castro. As Mulheres Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1905.

   ■ Sadlier, Darlene J. The Question of How: Women Writers and New Portuguese Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood; Contributions in Women's Studies, no. 109, 1989.

   ■ Silva, Manuela. The Employment of Women in Portugal. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications, European Communities, 1984. Velho da Costa, Maria. Maina Mendes. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vicente, Ana, and Maria Reynolds de Souza. Family Planning in Portugal. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Religion and Catholic Church

   ■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História da Igreja em Portugal. 6 vols. Coimbra, 1910-24, and Oporto, 1967-72. Alonso, Joaquim Maria. The Secret of Fátima: Fact and Legend. Cambridge, Mass.: Ravengate Press, 1979. Alves, José da Felicidade, ed. Católicos e política de Humberto Delgado à Marcelo Caetano. Lisbon, 1969. Araújo, Miguel de, ed. Dicionario político; 1; Os Bispos e a revoluçao de Abril. Lisbon, 1976. Bishko, Charles Julian. Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History 600-1300. London, Variorum Reprints, 1984.

   ■ Blanshard, Paul. Freedom and Catholic Power in Spain and Portugal. Boston: Beacon Press, 1962.

   ■ Boxer, C. R. The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion 1440-1770. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Church and State in Portugal: Crises of Cross and Sword." Journal of Church and State XVIII (1976): 463-90. Freire, José Geraldes. Resistência Católico ao Salazarismo-Marcelismo. Oporto, 1976.

   ■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. John C. Banner, trans. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962.

   ■ IPOPE. Estudo sobre liberdade e religião em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973. Johnston, Francis. Fátima: The Great Sign. Chulmleigh, U.K.: Augustine Publications, 1980.

   ■ Kondor, Fr. Louis. Fátima in Lucia's Own Words: Sister Lucia's Memoirs. Fatima: Postulation Center, 1976. Lourenço, Joaquim Maria. Situação jurídica da Igreja em Portugal. Coimbra, 1943.

   ■ Mattoso, José. Religião e Cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1982. Miller, Samuel J. Portugal and Rome c. 1748-1830: An Aspect of Catholic Enlightenment. Rome: Universita Gregoriana Editrice, 1978. O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.

   ■ Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. Portugal: A Pioneer of Christianity. Lisbon, 1945.

   ■ Richard, Robert. Etudes sur l'histoire morale et religieuse de Portugal. Paris: Centro Cultural de Gulbenkian, 1970.

   ■ Robinson, Richard A. H. "The Religious Question and Catholic Revival in Portugal, 1900-1930." Journal of Contemporary History XII (1977): 345-62.

   ■. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, R. P. Francisco. História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1931-50.

   ■ Roth, Cecil. A History of the Marranos. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.

   ■ Agriculture, Viticulture, and Fishing

   ■ Abreu-Ferreira, Darlene. "The Portuguese in Newfoundland: Documentary Evidence Examined." Portuguese Studies Review 4, 1 (1995-96): 11-33.

   ■ Allen, H. Warner. The Wines of Portugal. London: Michael Joseph, 1963.

   ■ Barros, Afonso de. A reforma agrária em Portugal. Oeiras, 1979.

   ■ Beamish, Huldine V. The Hills of Alentejo. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1958.

   ■ Bennett, Norman R. "The Golden Age of the Port Wine System, 1781-1807." The International History Review XII (1990): 221-18.

   ■ Black, Richard. "The Myth of Subsistence: Market Production in the Small Farm Sector of Northern Portugal." Iberian Studies 1, 8 (1989): 25-41.

   ■ Bravo, Pedro, and Duarte de Oliveira. Viticulture Moderna. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. Vinhas e Vinhos De Portugal. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Cabral, Manuel V. "Agrarian Structures and Recent Movements in Portugal." Journal of Peasant Studies 4, 5 (July 1978): 411-45.

   ■ Cardoso, José Carvalho. A Agricultura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Carvalho, Bento de. Guía Dos Vinhos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Clarke, Robert. Open Boat Whaling in the Azores: The History and Present Methods of a Relic Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.

   ■ Cockburn, Ernest. Port Wine and Oporto. London: Wine & Spirit, 1949. Cole, S. C. "Cod, Cod Country and Family: The Portuguese Newfoundland Fishery." Mast 3, 1 (1990): 1-29.

   ■ Coull, James. The Fisheries of Europe. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1972.

   ■ Croft-Cooke, Rupert. Port. London: Putnam, 1957.

   ■. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.

   ■ Delaforce, John. The Factory House at Oporto. London: Christie's Wine Publications, 1979 and later eds.

   ■ Doel, Patricia A. Port O'Call: Memories of the Portuguese White Fleet in St. John's Newfoundland. St. John's, Newfoundland: ISER, 1992.

   ■ Fletcher, Wyndham. Port: An Introduction to Its History and Delights. London: Bernet, 1978.

   ■ Francis, A. D. The Wine Trade. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.

   ■ Freitas, Eduardo, João Ferreira de Almeida, and Manuel Villaverde Cabral. Modalidades de penetração do capitalismo na agricultura: estruturas agrárias em Portugal Continental, 1950-1970. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Gonçalves, Francisco Esteves. Portugal: A Wine Country. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Gulbenkian Foundation. Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997.

   ■ Malefakis, Edward. "Two Iberian Land Reforms Compared: Spain, 1931-1936 and Portugal, 1974—1978." In Gulbenkian Foundation, Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Moreira da Fonseca, A. Port Wine: Notes on Its History, Production and Technology. Oporto, 1981.

   ■ Moutinho, M. História da pesca do bacalhau. Lisbon: Imprensa Universitária, 1985.

   ■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. lntrodução a história da agricultura em Portugal.

   ■ Lisbon, 1968. Pato, Octávio. O Vinho. Lisbon, 1971.

   ■ Pearson, Scott R. Portuguese Agriculture in Transition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.

   ■ Postgate, Raymond. Portuguese Wine. London: Dent, 1969.

   ■ Read, Jan. The Wines of Portugal. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.

   ■ Robertson, George. Port. London: Faber & Faber, 1982 ed.

   ■ Rutledge, Ian. "Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution." Journal of Peasant Studies 5, 1 (Oct. 1977): 79-97.

   ■ Sanceau, Elaine. The British Factory at Oporto. Oporto, 1970.

   ■ Simon, Andre L. Port. London: Constable, 1934.

   ■ Simões, J. Os grandes trabalhadores do Mar: Reportagens na Terra Nova e na Groenlândia. Lisbon: Gazeta dos Caminho de Ferro, 1942.

   ■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992: Special Report. New York: Camões Center/RIIC, Columbia University, 1990.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. Landscapes of Bacchus: The Vine in Portugal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970.

   ■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Seat to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.

   ■ Unwin, Tim. "Farmers' Perceptions of Agrarian Change in Northwest Portugal." Journal of Rural Studies 1, 4 (1985): 339-57.

   ■ Valadão do Valle, E. Bacalhau: tradições históricas e económicos. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■ Venables, Bernard. Baleia! The Whalers of Azores. London: Bodley Head, 1968.

   ■ Villiers, Alan. The Quest of the Schooner Argus: A Voyage to the Banks and Greenland. New York: Scribners, 1951. World Bank. Portugal: Agricultural Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.

   ■ ECONOMY, INDUSTRY, AND DEVELOPMENT

   ■ Aiyer, Srivain, and Shahid A. Chandry. Portugal and the E.E.C.: Employment and Implications. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Baklanoff, Eric N. The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1978.

   ■. "Changing Systems: The Portuguese Revolution and the Public Enterprise Sector." ACES ( Association of Comparative Economic Studies) Bulletin 26 (Summer-Fall 1984): 63-76.

   ■. "Portugal's Political Economy: Old and New." In K. Maxwell and M. Haltzel, eds., Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy, 37-59. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.

   ■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.

   ■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.

   ■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.

   ■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.

   ■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).

   ■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.

   ■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.

   ■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.

   ■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.

   ■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.

   ■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" Town Planning Review 56, 3 (1985): 339-66.

   ■ Makler, Harry M. "The Consequences of the Survival and Revival of the Industrial Bourgeoisie." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 251-83. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Marques, A. La Politique Economique Portugaise dans la Période de la Dictature ( 1926-1974). Doctoral thesis, 3rd cycle, University of Grenoble, France, 1980.

   ■ Martins, B. Sociedades e grupos em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Mata, Eugenia, and Nuno Valério. História Econômica De Portugal: Uma Perspectiva Global. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1994. Murteira, Mário. "The Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 331-42. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. OCED. Economic Survey: Portugal: 1988. Paris: OCED, 1988 [see also this series since 1978].

   ■ Pasquier, Albert. L'Economie du Portugal: Données et Problémes de Son Expansion. Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.

   ■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.

   ■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.

   ■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.

   ■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.

   ■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.

   ■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.

   ■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.

   ■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.

   ■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.

   ■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL

   ■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.

   ■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.

   ■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.

   ■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.

   ■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.

   ■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.

   ■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.

   ■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.

   ■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.

   ■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.

   ■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.

   ■ EQUESTRIANISM

   ■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.

   ■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.

   ■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.

   ■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.

   ■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,

   ■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.

   ■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.com

Historical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
16 cream

kri:m
1. noun
1) (the yellowish-white oily substance that forms on the top of milk, and from which butter and cheese are made.) nata

2) (any of many substances made of, or similar to, cream: ice-cream; face-cream.) crema

3) (the best part; the top people: the cream of the medical profession.) la crema, la flor y nata

4) ((also adjective) (of) a yellowish-white colour: cream paint.) crema

2. verb
1) (to make into a cream-like mixture: Cream the eggs, butter and sugar together.) batir

2) (to take the cream off: She creamed the milk.) desnatar, descremar

3) ((with off) to select (the best): The best pupils will be creamed off for special training.) seleccionar (a)los mejores, cribar

•

- creamy
- creaminess
- cream of tartar

cream¹ adj de color crema

cream² n

1. nata

strawberries and cream fresas con nata

2. crema / pomada

face cream crema facial

cream

tr[kriːm]

noun

1 (of milk) nata, crema (de leche)

2 (cosmetic) crema; (medical) pomada, crema

3 (colour) color nombre masculino crema

adjective

1 crema, (de) color crema

transitive verb

1 SMALLCOOKERY/SMALL (beat) batir

noun the cream

1 figurative use la crema, la flor y nata

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

cream cake (individual) pastelito de nata 2 (large) tarta de nata, pastel nombre masculino de nata

cream cheese queso cremoso, queso para untar

cream cracker galleta salada

cream of... soup crema de...

■ cream of mushroom soup crema de champiñones

creamed potatoes puré nombre masculino de patatas

cream soda refresco con sabor a vainilla

cream tea SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL merienda (consistente en té con bollos, pastelitos, mermelada y nada montada)

hand cream crema para las manos

suntan cream bronceador nombre masculino

whipped cream nata montada

cream ['kri:m] vt

1) beat, mix: batir, mezclar (azúcar y mantequilla, etc.)

2) : preparar (alimentos) con crema

cream n

1) : crema f (de leche)

2) lotion: crema f, loción f

3) elite: crema f, elite f

the cream of the crop: la crema y nata, lo mejor

cream

n.

• crema s.f.

• nata s.f.

• yema s.f.

v.

• desnatar v.

• poner crema en v.

I kriːm
noun

1) ( Culin) crema f (de leche) (esp AmL), nata f (Esp)

light o (BrE) single cream — crema líquida (AmL), nata líquida (Esp)

heavy o (BrE) double cream — crema doble (AmL), doble crema (Méx), nata para montar (Esp)

whipped cream — crema batida (AmL), nata montada (Esp)

cream of mushroom soup — crema f de champiñones; (before n)

cream tea — ( in UK) té servido con scones, mermelada y crema batida

2) c u ( lotion) crema f

face cream — crema para la cara

3) u ( elite)

the cream of society — la flor y nata or la crema de la sociedad

4) ( color) color m crema

II

adjective color crema adj inv

III

transitive verb \<\<butter/sugar\>\> batir ( hasta obtener una consistencia cremosa)

creamed potatoes — puré m de papas or (Esp) patatas

Phrasal Verbs:

- cream off

[kriːm]
1. N

1) (on milk) nata f, crema f (LAm)

cream of tartar — crémor m tártaro

cream of tomato soup — sopa f de crema de tomate

cream of wheat — (US) sémola f
double 6., single 3., whipped
2) (fig) flor f y nata, crema f

the cream of society — la flor y nata de la sociedad

the cream of the crop — lo mejor de lo mejor

3) (=lotion) (for face, shoes etc) crema f, pomada f

shoe cream — betún m

face cream — crema f para la cara

2. ADJ

1) (=cream-coloured) color crema inv

2) (=made with cream) de nata or (LAm) crema

3. VT

1) [+ milk] desnatar, descremar (LAm); [+ butter] batir

2) (also: cream together) (=mix) batir

creamed potatoes — puré msing de patatas or (LAm) papas

3) (US) ** [+ enemy, opposing team] arrollar, aplastar

4)

to cream one's pants *** — correrse sin querer ***

4.

CPD

cream cake N — pastel m de nata or (LAm) crema

cream cheese N — queso m crema

cream cracker N — galleta f de soda

cream puff N — petisú m, pastel m de nata or (LAm) crema

cream soda N — gaseosa f de vainilla

cream tea N — (Brit) merienda en cafetería que suele constar de té, bollos, mermelada y nata

- cream off

* * *

I [kriːm]
noun

1) ( Culin) crema f (de leche) (esp AmL), nata f (Esp)

light o (BrE) single cream — crema líquida (AmL), nata líquida (Esp)

heavy o (BrE) double cream — crema doble (AmL), doble crema (Méx), nata para montar (Esp)

whipped cream — crema batida (AmL), nata montada (Esp)

cream of mushroom soup — crema f de champiñones; (before n)

cream tea — ( in UK) té servido con scones, mermelada y crema batida

2) c u ( lotion) crema f

face cream — crema para la cara

3) u ( elite)

the cream of society — la flor y nata or la crema de la sociedad

4) ( color) color m crema

II

adjective color crema adj inv

III

transitive verb \<\<butter/sugar\>\> batir ( hasta obtener una consistencia cremosa)

creamed potatoes — puré m de papas or (Esp) patatas

Phrasal Verbs:

- cream off

English-spanish dictionary > cream
17 crack

1. noun
1) (noise) Krachen, das

give somebody/have a fair crack of the whip — (fig.) jemandem eine Chance geben/eine Chance haben

2) (in china, glass, eggshell, ice, etc.) Sprung, der; (in rock) Spalte, die; (chink) Spalt, der

there's a crack in the ceiling — die Decke hat einen Riß

3) (blow) Schlag, der

4) (coll.): (try) Versuch, der

have a crack at something/at doing something — etwas in Angriff nehmen/versuchen, etwas zu tun

5)

the/at the crack of dawn — (coll.) der/bei Tagesanbruch

6) (coll.): (wisecrack) [geistreicher] Witz

7) (sl.): (drug)

crack [cocaine] — Crack, das
2. adjective
(coll.) erstklassig
3. transitive verb
1) (break, lit. or fig.) knacken [Nuss, Problem]; knacken (salopp) [Safe, Kode]

2) (make a crack in) anschlagen [Porzellan, Glas]

3)

crack a whip — mit einer Peitsche knallen

crack the whip — (fig.) Druck machen (ugs.)

4)

crack a joke — einen Witz machen
4. intransitive verb
1) [Porzellan, Glas:] einen Sprung/Sprünge bekommen; [Haut:] aufspringen, rissig werden; [Eis:] Risse bekommen

2) (make sound) [Peitsche:] knallen; [Gelenk:] knacken; [Gewehr:] krachen

3) (coll.)

get cracking! — mach los! (ugs.)

let's get cracking — fangen wir endlich an

get cracking [with something] — [mit etwas] loslegen (ugs.)

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/16937/crack_down">crack down

- crack up

* * *
[kræk] 1. verb
1) (to (cause to) break partly without falling to pieces: The window cracked down the middle.) krachen

2) (to break (open): He cracked the peanuts between his finger and thumb.) zerbrechen

3) (to make a sudden sharp sound of breaking: The twig cracked as I stepped on it.) knacken

4) (to make (a joke): He's always cracking jokes.) (Witze) reißen

5) (to open (a safe) by illegal means.) knacken

6) (to solve (a code).) knacken

7) (to give in to torture or similar pressures: The spy finally cracked under their questioning and told them everything he knew.) zusammenbrechen
2. noun
1) (a split or break: There's a crack in this cup.) der Sprung

2) (a narrow opening: The door opened a crack.) der Spalt

3) (a sudden sharp sound: the crack of whip.) der Knall

4) (a blow: a crack on the jaw.) der Schlag

5) (a joke: He made a crack about my big feet.) der Witz

6) (a very addictive drug: He died of too much crack with alcohol)
3. adjective
(expert: a crack racing-driver.) großartig

- cracked
- crackdown
- cracker
- crackers
- crack a book
- crack down on
- crack down
- get cracking
- have a crack at
- have a crack
* * *

crack

[kræk]

I. n

1. (fissure) Riss m

there was a \crack in the teacup die Teetasse hatte einen Sprung; ( fig)

\cracks began to show in his facade of self-confidence in seinem aufgesetzten Selbstbewusstsein wurden Sprünge sichtbar

hairline \crack Haarriss m

2. (narrow space) Ritze f, Spalt m

to open a door/window [just] a \crack eine Tür/ein Fenster [nur] einen Spalt öffnen

3. (sharp noise) of a breaking branch Knacken nt kein pl; of breaking ice Krachen nt kein pl; of a rifle Knall m

a loud \crack of thunder ein lautes Donnerkrachen

4. (sharp blow) Schlag m

to give sb a \crack over the head jdm eins überziehen [o über den Schädel geben

5. no pl (drug) Crack nt o m

\crack house ( fam) Crackhaus nt, Bezugsstelle f für Crack

6. (joke) Witz m

a cheap \crack ein schlechter Witz

to make a \crack about sth einen Witz über etw akk reißen

7. ( fam: attempt) Versuch m

it was her first \crack at [beating] the world record es war ihr erster Versuch, den Weltrekord einzustellen

to have a \crack at sth [or to give sth a \crack] etw [aus]probieren

8.

▶ at the \crack of dawn im Morgengrauen

▶ the \crack of doom der Jüngste Tag

▶ to get/have a fair \crack of the whip BRIT eine [echte] Chance bekommen/haben

II. adj attr, inv erstklassig, Super- fam

\crack marksman Meisterschütze m

\crack shot Meisterschütze, -schützin m, f

\crack regiment Eliteregiment nt

III. vt

1. (break)

to \crack a cup/glass/window einen Sprung in eine Tasse/ein Glas/eine Fensterscheibe machen

2. (open)

▪ to \crack sth [open] [or to \crack [open] sth] etw aufbrechen

come round and we'll \crack [open] a bottle together komm doch vorbei, dann machen wir eine Flasche auf

to \crack an egg ein Ei aufschlagen

to \crack nuts Nüsse knacken

to \crack [open] a safe ( fam) einen Safe knacken fam

3. (solve)

I've \cracked it! ich hab's!

to \crack a code/problem einen Code/ein Problem knacken fam

4. (hit)

to \crack sb on [or over] the head jdm eins auf/über den Schädel geben

to \crack one's head/elbow on sth sich dat den Kopf/Ellbogen an etw dat anschlagen

5. (make noise)

to \crack one's knuckles mit den Fingern knacken

to \crack a whip mit einer Peitsche knallen

6. CHEM

▪ to \crack sth hydrocarbons etw spalten

7.

▶ to \crack a joke einen Witz reißen fam

▶ to \crack the whip ein strengeres Regiment aufziehen

IV. vi

1. (break) [zer]brechen, zerspringen; lips, paintwork aufspringen, rissig werden

2. ( fam: break down) zusammenbrechen; relationship zerbrechen; facade abbröckeln

3. (break down) zusammenbrechen

his voice \cracked with emotion seine Stimme versagte vor Rührung

to \crack during interrogation beim Verhör zusammenbrechen

to \crack under pressure of work unter der Arbeitslast zusammenbrechen

4. (make noise) breaking ice, thunder krachen; breaking branch knacken; shot, whip knallen

5.

▶ to get \cracking ( fam) loslegen fam

I'd better get \cracking on writing these letters ich sollte mich endlich mal dranmachen, diese Briefe zu schreiben

get \cracking or we'll miss the train jetzt aber los, sonst verpassen wir den Zug

* * *
[krk]
1. n

1) Riss m; (between floorboards etc) Ritze f; (= wider hole etc) Spalte f; (= fine line in pottery, glass etc) Sprung m

leave the window open a crack — lass das Fenster einen Spalt offen

at the crack of dawn — in aller Frühe

to fall or slip through the cracks ( US fig ) — durch die Maschen schlüpfen

2) (= sharp noise of wood etc breaking) Knacks m; (of gun, whip) Knall(en nt no pl) m; (of thunder) Schlag m

at the crack of doom — beim Jüngsten Gericht

3) (= sharp blow) Schlag m

to give sb a crack on the head — jdm eins auf den Kopf geben

to give oneself a crack on the head — sich (dat) den Kopf anschlagen

4) (inf: gibe) Stichelei f; (= joke) Witz m

to make a crack about sb/sth — einen Witz über jdn/etw reißen

5) (inf

= attempt) to have a crack at sth — etw mal probieren (inf)

6) (DRUGS) Crack nt

7) (Ir, Brit inf) tolle Zeit

tourists come to Ireland for the crack — die Touristen kommen wegen der tollen Atmosphäre nach Irland

8) (Brit vulg = vagina) Fotze f (vulg)

2. adj attr
erstklassig; (MIL) Elite-
crack shot — Meisterschütze m, Meisterschützin f

3. vt

1) (= make a crack in) glass, china, pottery einen Sprung machen in (+acc); bone anbrechen, anknacksen (inf); skin, ground rissig machen; ground, ice einen Riss/Risse machen in (+acc)

to crack a rib — sich (dat) eine Rippe anbrechen

2) (= break) nuts, safe knacken; (fig inf) code knacken; case, problem lösen

to crack (open) a bottle — einer Flasche (dat) den Hals brechen

3) joke reißen

4) whip knallen mit; finger, joint knacken mit

to crack the whip (fig) — die Peitsche schwingen, ein strenges Regiment führen

5) (= hit sharply) schlagen

he cracked his head against the pavement — er krachte mit dem Kopf aufs Pflaster

6) (= distil) petroleum kracken

cracking plant — Krackanlage f

4. vi

1) (= get a crack pottery, glass) einen Sprung/Sprünge bekommen, springen; (ice, road) einen Riss/Risse bekommen; (lips, skin) spröde or rissig werden; (bones) einen Knacks bekommen (inf); (= break) brechen

at last his stern face cracked and he laughed — schließlich verzog sich seine ernste Miene zu einem Lachen

2) (= make a cracking sound twigs, joints) knacken, krachen; (whip, gun) knallen

3) (= hit sharply) schlagen, krachen

4) (= break voice) (with emotion) versagen

his voice is cracking/beginning to crack (boy) — er ist im/kommt in den Stimmbruch

5) (inf)

to get cracking — loslegen (inf), sich daranmachen

to get cracking with or on sth — mit etw loslegen (inf), sich an etw (acc) machen

get cracking! — los jetzt!

6)

he cracked under the strain — er ist unter der Belastung zusammengebrochen

See:

= crack up

* * *

crack [kræk]

A s

1. Krach m, Knall m (einer Peitsche, eines Gewehrs etc), (Donner) Schlag m, Knacks m, Knacken n:

a crack of thunder;

in a crack umg im Nu;

at the crack of dawn im Morgengrauen, in aller Frühe;

the crack of doom die Posaunen des Jüngsten Gerichts;

till the crack of doom umg bis zum Jüngsten Tag;

give sb a fair crack of the whip Br umg jemandem eine faire Chance geben

2. umg (heftiger) Schlag:

give sb a crack on the head jemandem eins auf den Kopf geben

3. Sprung m, Riss m:

the glass has got a crack das Glas hat einen Sprung oder ist gesprungen;

paper over the cracks fig die Differenzen übertünchen

4. Spalte f, Spalt m, Schlitz m, Ritz m, Ritze f:

the door was open a crack die Tür stand einen Spalt (breit) offen

5. umg

a) Knacks m (geistiger Defekt)

b) → crackpot A

6. Stimmbruch m

7. umg Versuch m:

have a crack at sich versuchen an (dat)

8. sl

a) Witz m

b) Seitenhieb m, Stichelei f:

make cracks about Witze machen über (akk); sticheln gegen jemanden

9. Br umg Crack m, Kanone f, As n (besonders Sportler)

10. sl obs

a) Einbruch m

b) Einbrecher m

11. sl Crack n (synthetische Droge auf Kokainbasis):

crack house Bar etc, in der mit Crack gehandelt wird

B adj umg erstklassig, Elite…, Meister…:

a crack player ein Meisterspieler;

a crack shot ein Meisterschütze;

a crack team SPORT eine Spitzen- oder Topmannschaft;

crack regiment Eliteregiment n

C int krach!, knacks!

D v/i

1. krachen, knallen, knacken

2. (zer)springen, (-)platzen, (-)bersten, (-)brechen, rissig werden, (auf)reißen, einen Sprung oder Sprünge bekommen

3. überschnappen (Stimme):

his voice is cracking er ist im Stimmbruch

4. fig zusammenbrechen ( under unter dat)

5. sl kaputtgehen, in die Brüche gehen

6. sl nachlassen, erlahmen

7. get cracking umg loslegen (on mit):

cracking speed umg tolles Tempo

8. besonders schott plaudern

9. CHEM sich (durch Hitze) zersetzen

E v/t

1. knallen mit, knacken oder krachen lassen:

crack one’s fingers mit den Fingern knacken;

crack the whip

a) mit der Peitsche knallen,

b) fig zeigen, wer der Herr ist;

crack a smile umg lächeln; → joke A 1

2. zerbrechen, (zer)spalten, (zer)sprengen:

crack an egg ein Ei aufschlagen; → bottle¹ A 1

3. a) einen Sprung machen in (dat)

b) MED sich etwas anbrechen:

crack a rib

4. umg

a) schlagen, hauen:

crack sb over the head jemandem eins auf den Kopf geben

b) eine Scheibe etc ein-, zerschlagen

5. eine Nuss (auf)knacken

6. umg einen Safe, einen Code, SPORT die Abwehr knacken:

crack a gang eine Verbrecherbande auffliegen lassen;

crack a problem ein Problem lösen

7. umg kaputt machen, ruinieren (beide auch fig)

8. umg jemandes Stolz etc erschüttern, anknacksen umg

9. TECH Erdöl kracken

* * *
1. noun
1) (noise) Krachen, das

give somebody/have a fair crack of the whip — (fig.) jemandem eine Chance geben/eine Chance haben

2) (in china, glass, eggshell, ice, etc.) Sprung, der; (in rock) Spalte, die; (chink) Spalt, der

there's a crack in the ceiling — die Decke hat einen Riß

3) (blow) Schlag, der

4) (coll.): (try) Versuch, der

have a crack at something/at doing something — etwas in Angriff nehmen/versuchen, etwas zu tun

5)

the/at the crack of dawn — (coll.) der/bei Tagesanbruch

6) (coll.): (wisecrack) [geistreicher] Witz

7) (sl.): (drug)

crack [cocaine] — Crack, das
2. adjective
(coll.) erstklassig
3. transitive verb
1) (break, lit. or fig.) knacken [Nuss, Problem]; knacken (salopp) [Safe, Kode]

2) (make a crack in) anschlagen [Porzellan, Glas]

3)

crack a whip — mit einer Peitsche knallen

crack the whip — (fig.) Druck machen (ugs.)

4)

crack a joke — einen Witz machen
4. intransitive verb
1) [Porzellan, Glas:] einen Sprung/Sprünge bekommen; [Haut:] aufspringen, rissig werden; [Eis:] Risse bekommen

2) (make sound) [Peitsche:] knallen; [Gelenk:] knacken; [Gewehr:] krachen

3) (coll.)

get cracking! — mach los! (ugs.)

let's get cracking — fangen wir endlich an

get cracking [with something] — [mit etwas] loslegen (ugs.)

Phrasal Verbs:

- crack down

- crack up

* * *

n.

Knall -e m.

Riss -e m.

Spalt -e m.

Sprung -¨e m. v.

brechen v.

(§ p.,pp.: brach, gebrochen)

knacken v.

knallen v.

platzen v.

zerbrechen v.

zersplittern v.

English-german dictionary > crack
18 cream

1. noun
1) Sahne, die

2) (Cookery) (sauce) Sahnesoße, die; (dessert) Creme, die

cream of mushroom soup — Champignoncremesuppe, die

3) (cosmetic preparation) Creme, die

4) (fig.): (best) Beste, das

the cream of society — die Creme der Gesellschaft

5) (colour) Creme, das
2. adjective
cream[-coloured] — creme[farben]
3. transitive verb
cremig rühren od. schlagen; schaumig rühren [Butter]

creamed potatoes — Kartoffelpüree, das

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/85831/cream_off">cream off

* * *
[kri:m] 1. noun
1) (the yellowish-white oily substance that forms on the top of milk, and from which butter and cheese are made.) der Rahm, die Sahne

2) (any of many substances made of, or similar to, cream: ice-cream; face-cream.) die Creme

3) (the best part; the top people: the cream of the medical profession.) die Elite

4) (( also adjective) (of) a yellowish-white colour: cream paint.) cremfarben
2. verb
1) (to make into a cream-like mixture: Cream the eggs, butter and sugar together.) schaumig rühren

2) (to take the cream off: She creamed the milk.) absahnen

3) ((with off) to select (the best): The best pupils will be creamed off for special training.) abschöpfen

•

- creamy
- creaminess
- cream of tartar
* * *

cream

[kri:m]

I. n

1. no pl FOOD (from milk) Sahne f, Obers nt ÖSTERR, Rahm m SCHWEIZ

strawberries/peaches and \cream Erdbeeren/Pfirsiche mit Sahne [o ÖSTERR Obers]

clotted \cream BRIT dicker Rahm von erhitzter Milch

double [or heavy] \cream AM Crème double f

single [or light] \cream AM Kaffeesahne f, Kaffeeobers nt ÖSTERR, Kaffeerahm m SCHWEIZ

2. FOOD (soup, dessert) Creme f

\cream of asparagus/mushroom soup Spargel-/Pilzcremesuppe f

salad \cream Salatcreme f

3. FOOD (sweet)

chocolate \cream Praline f mit Cremefüllung, Cremehütchen nt, Cremecornet nt SCHWEIZ

orange/peppermint \cream Praline f mit Orangen-/Pfefferminzfüllung

4. (for body) Creme f

antiseptic \cream antiseptische Creme

face/hand \cream Gesichts-/Handcreme f

5. no pl (colour) Creme nt

6.

▶ the \cream [AM also of the crop] die Crème de la Crème

the \cream of this year's graduates/American society die Elite der diesjährigen Absolventen/der amerikanischen Gesellschaft

II. n modifier (sauce, soup) Creme-

\cream biscuits cremegefüllte Kekse

\cream cake Sahnetorte f, Rahmtorte f SCHWEIZ, Topfentorte f ÖSTERR

to have a peaches-and-\cream complexion eine Pfirsichhaut haben

III. adj inv cremefarben

IV. vt

1. (beat)

▪ to \cream sth etw cremig rühren

\cream the butter and sugar together die Butter mit dem Zucker schaumig rühren

\creamed potatoes Kartoffelpüree nt, ÖSTERR a. Erdapfelpüree nt, Kartoffelstock m SCHWEIZ

2. (remove cream)

to \cream milk Milch entrahmen

3. (add cream)

do you \cream your coffee? möchten Sie Sahne in den Kaffee?

4. (apply lotion)

▪ to \cream sth etw eincremen

5. AM (sl: beat up)

▪ to \cream sb jdn zusammenschlagen fam

6. AM ( fam: defeat)

▪ to \cream sb jdn schlagen [o besiegen]

* * *
[kriːm]
1. n

1) Sahne f, Rahm m (S Ger); (= cream pudding, artificial cream) Creme f, Krem f

cream of asparagus/tomato/chicken soup — Spargel-/Tomaten-/Hühnercremesuppe f

cream of tartar — Weinstein m

2) (= lotion) Creme f

3) (= colour) Creme(farbe f) nt

a skirt in a pale shade of cream — ein blass-cremefarbener Rock

4) (fig: best) die Besten; (of society also) Creme f, Elite f

our rivals take the cream of the applicants — unsere Konkurrenz sahnt die besten Bewerber ab

the cream of society — die Creme der Gesellschaft

to take the cream — den Rahm abschöpfen

2. adj

1) (colour) creme inv, cremefarben or -farbig

2) (= made with cream) Sahne-, Creme-

cream soups — Cremesuppen pl

3. vt

1) (= put cream on) face etc eincremen

2) butter, eggs etc cremig rühren; potatoes pürieren

creamed potatoes — Kartoffelpüree nt

3) (= skim) milk entrahmen

4) (= allow to form a cream) milk aufrahmen lassen

5) (US inf = defeat easily) in die Pfanne hauen (inf)

4. vi
(milk) aufrahmen
* * *

cream [kriːm]

A s

1. Rahm m, Sahne f (der Milch)

2. a) Creme(speise) f

b) Cremesuppe f

c) Rahmsoße f

3. (Haut-, Schuh- etc) Creme f:

put some cream on sich eincremen;

put some cream on sb’s back jemandem den Rücken eincremen

4. Sahnebonbon m/n

5. Cremefarbe f

6. fig Creme f, Auslese f, Elite f:

the cream of society die Creme der Gesellschaft;

the cream of the cream → crème de la crème;

the cream of the players die besten Spieler

B v/i

1. Sahne ansetzen oder bilden

2. schäumen

3. vulg spritzen (ejakulieren)

C v/t

1. auch cream off

a) abrahmen, absahnen, den Rahm abschöpfen von (a. fig),

b) die besten Mitarbeiter etc abziehen

2. Milch Sahne ansetzen lassen

3. a) zu Schaum schlagen

b) schaumig rühren

4. eine Speise mit Sahne oder Rahmsoße zubereiten

5. dem Kaffee oder Tee Sahne zugießen

6. sich das Gesicht etc eincremen:

cream one’s face

7. SPORT besonders US sl vernaschen, überfahren (hoch gewinnen)

D adj

1. Sahne…, Rahm…

2. creme(farben)

* * *
1. noun
1) Sahne, die

2) (Cookery) (sauce) Sahnesoße, die; (dessert) Creme, die

cream of mushroom soup — Champignoncremesuppe, die

3) (cosmetic preparation) Creme, die

4) (fig.): (best) Beste, das

the cream of society — die Creme der Gesellschaft

5) (colour) Creme, das
2. adjective
cream[-coloured] — creme[farben]
3. transitive verb
cremig rühren od. schlagen; schaumig rühren [Butter]

creamed potatoes — Kartoffelpüree, das

Phrasal Verbs:

- cream off

* * *

n.

Creme -s f.

Rahm nur sing. m.

Sahne nur sing. f.

English-german dictionary > cream
19 face

feɪs
1. сущ.
1) а) лицо;
физиономия;
лик to look smb. in the face ≈ смотреть кому-л. в глаза to powder one's face ≈ пудрить лицо to press one's face (against a window) ≈ прижиматься лицом( к окну) beautiful, handsome, pretty face ≈ хорошенькое, красивое лицо familiar face ≈ знакомое лицо oval face ≈ овальное лицо round face ≈ круглое лицо ruddy face ≈ румяное лицо ugly face ≈ некрасивое лицо face down ≈ лицом вниз I would never say that to her face. ≈ Я бы никогда не сказал ей это в глаза. to bring face to face ≈ сводить лицом к лицу to come face to face, meet face to face ≈ встречаться лицом к лицу to keep a straight face ≈ сохранять невозмутимый вид to laugh in smb.'s face ≈ смеяться кому-л. в лицо black in the face ≈ багровый( от гнева, усилий и т. п.) full face ≈ анфас half face ≈ в профиль straight face ≈ бесстрастное, ничего не выражающее лицо in the face of б) морда животного ∙ Syn: visage, countenance, features, facial features, physiognomy;
mug, pan
2) а) выражение лица angry face ≈ злой вид funny face ≈ забавный вид happy face ≈ счастливое лицо (лицо счастливого человека) sad, long face ≈ печальный, мрачный вид to keep a serious face ≈ сохранять серьезное выражение лица, сохранять внешнюю серьезность б) гримаса Don't make a face at me. ≈ Не строй мне рожи. to draw faces, make faces, pull a face, pull faces ≈ корчить рожи Syn: expression, aspect, look, countenance, air;
grimace, pout
3) внешний вид Pioneers cleared the forest and changed the face of the countryside. ≈ Пионеры очистили лес и изменили внешний вид местности. on the face of it ≈ судя по внешнему виду;
на первый взгляд Syn: appearance, look, semblance, external aspect
4) репутация, лицо, престиж, достоинство The scandal was hushed up in an effort to save face. ≈ Скандал замяли, чтобы спасти репутацию. to lose face ≈ ударить лицом в грязь, быть униженным, потерять престиж to save face ≈ не ударить лицом в грязь, спасти репутацию/престиж, не уронить достоинства Syn: reputation, good name, dignity, repute, image, prestige, self-respect
5) передняя, лицевая сторона, лицо ( медали, ткани и т. п.) I scratched the face of my belt buckle. ≈ Я поцарапал пряжку пояса. Syn: front surface, obverse side, principal side, finished side, facade, frontage, forepart
6) циферблат
7) спорт струнная поверхность( теннисной ракетки)
8) разг. нахальство, наглость, дерзость;
самоуверенность After forgetting my lines, I didn't have the face to go back on stage. ≈ После того, как я забыл слова роли, у меня не хватило наглости снова выйти на сцену. to show a face ≈ держаться вызывающе, нагло Syn: nerve, boldness, daring, pluck, self-assurance, mettle, spunk, confidence, bravado, grit;
cheek, front, sand, brass, gall, effrontery, impudence
9) воен. фас
10) а) облицовка б) макияж put one's face on Syn: make-up
11) геом. грань
12) тех.( лобовая) поверхность;
торец;
срез, фаска
13) горн. забой;
плоскость забоя
14) полигр. очко (литеры)
15) строит. ширина (доски) ∙ it's written all over his face ≈ это у него на лбу написано in the face of serious difficulties ≈ перед лицом серьезных трудностей to disappear from the face of the earth ≈ исчезать с лица земли to fly in the face of smth ≈ кинуться на что-л. to set one's face against ≈ (решительно) противиться чему-л. to open one's face ≈ заговорить, перестать отмалчиваться to travel on one's face, to run one's face ≈ использовать привлекательную внешность для достижения цели before smb.'s face ≈ перед (самым) носом у кого-л.
2. гл.
1) а) стоять лицом к( чему-л.) ;
смотреть в лицо, в глаза The opponents faced each other across the chessboard. ≈ Оппоненты сояли лицом друг к другу у классной доски. Syn: encounter, confront, meet face to face, turn toward, look toward б) выходить, быть обращенным ( в определенную сторону) to face east ≈ быть обращенным на восток;
"выходить" на восточную сторону to face page 20 ≈ к странице 20 (о рисунке) Syn: front on, give toward, overlook
2) смело смотреть в лицо, смело встречать to face the facts ≈ прямо смотреть в лицо фактам I could not face going there alone. ≈ Я не мог поехать туда один.
3) а) бросать в лицо (кому-л.) to face smb. with irrefutable evidence ≈ бросать кому-л. в лицо неопровержимые улики б) сталкиваться лицом к лицу (с чем-л.) to be faced with the necessity ≈ столкнуться с необходимостью
4) а) покрывать, отделывать The cabinet is faced with a walnut veneer. ≈ Шкаф отделан ореховым шпоном. б) обкладывать, облицовывать( камнем) ∙ Syn: surface, cover, coat, overlay
5) подкрашивать (чай) ∙ face about face down face off face out face up face the music face the knocker лицо, физиономия - * massage массаж лица - * angle( антропологоия) лицевой угол - black /blue,red/ in the * багровый (от гнева, напряжения и т. п.) морда (животного) выражение лица - * of a dying calf глуповато-меланхолическое выражение лица - his * fell у него вытянулась физиономия - straight * бесстрастное /ничего не выражающее/ лицо, "маска" - to straighten one's * пытаться принять невозмутимый вид, успокоиться, перестать смеяться - to keep a straigt *, to keep one's * straight сохранять невозмутимое /бесстрастное/ выражение;
удерживаться от смеха - to make /to pull, to weer/ a long * иметь огорченный /печальный, кислый, мрачный, разочарованный/ вид - to read people's *s быть хорошим физиономистом (разговорное) гримаса - to make /to pull/ a * сделать гримасу, гримасничать - to make *s корчить /строить/ рожи - to make /to pull/ a pitiful * скорчить постную физиономию - to make a wry * скорчить рожу внешний вид - on /upon/ the * of (it) судя по внешнему виду;
на первый взгляд - upon the * of the document если исходить из буквального смысла документа - on the * of it you are guilty похоже на то, что вы виновны - the idea is absurd on the * of it на первый взгляд эта мысль кажется абсурдной - to carry a /the/ * (of) казаться( кем-л., чем-л.) - this version carries no * of probability эта версия лишена правдоподобия /маловероятна/ - to carry on its * быть совершенно очевидным /ясным/ аспект, сторона (вопроса) (разговорное) наглость, нахальство - to have the * (to say smth.) иметь наглость (сказать что-л.) - to show a * нахально /нагло, вызывающе/ держаться поверхность, внешняя сторона - * of a door сторона двери (внешняя или внутренняя) - * of a racket( спортивное) струнная поверхность /ударная часть/ ракетки поверхность (земли, воды) - on the * of the earth на земле, на свете, в целом мире - from /off/ the * of the earth с лица земли - the north * of the mountain северный склон горы лицевая сторона, лицо (ткани, игральных карт, медали и т. п.) ;
правая сторона - to lie on its * лежать обратной стороной кверху - put your cards on the table * down положите ваши карты рубашкой вверх циферблат фасад - the * of the building is covered with ivy фасад дома зарос плющом престиж;
репутация;
достоинство - (the) loss of * унижение;
потеря престижа /доброго имени/ - to lose * быть униженным;
потерять престиж - to save (one's) * избежать позора, спасти свою репутацию /свой престиж/, не уронить своего достоинства (разговорное) личность, человек с именем, знаменитость (сленг) детина, "лоб" (математика) грань (в геометрии) фас, грань (кристалла) (техническое) (лобовая) поверхность, торец;
срез;
фаска (военное) фас (горное) забой, плоскость забоя;
лава - * cut забойка, вруб (полиграфия) очко (литеры) ;
шрифт, рисунок шрифта;
гарнитура шрифта, шрифт ширина ( доски) (телевидение) экран( трубки) (техническое) уровень (жидкости) (техническое) (плоский) боек( молота) (техническое) облицовка - * brick облицовочный кирпич > in /to/ smb.'s * в лицо, в глаза, открыто;
в присутствии кого-л. > it's written all over his * это у него на лбу написано > to laugh in smb.'s * смеяться в лицо кому-л.;
открыто смеяться над кем-л. > to look full in /into/ the * of smb. смотреть прямо в лицо /в глаза/ кому-л. > to be unable to look smb. in the * стыдиться взглянуть в лицо кому-л. > to cast /to fling, to throw/ smth. in smb.'s * бросать что-л. в лицо кому-л. > at /in, on/ the first * с первого взгляда;
на первый взгляд > to bear /to carry, to have/ two *s under one hood, to have two *s быть двуличным, лицемерным;
быть двусмысленным > to show a false * притворяться, лицемерить > before smb.'s * перед носом у кого-л. > in the * of перед лицом;
открыто, на глазах;
вопреки, наперекор;
под угрозой > to act in the * of direct orders действовать вопреки прямому приказу > to succeed in the * of many difficulties добиться успеха несмотря на все трудности > in the * of day /of the sun/ не скрываясь, открыто;
среди бела дня > * to * лицом к лицу;
лично, наедине > let's get together and talk the whole thing over * to * давайте встретимся и потолкуем обо всем лично > to open one's * (американизм) открыть рот, заговорить > to fly in the * (of) держаться вызывающе, бравировать, бросать вызов( кому-л.) > to fly in the * of facts игнорировать факты, пренебрегать фактами > to fly in the * of nature действовать вопреки законам природы > to set one's * against smb., smth. решительно воспротивиться кому-л., чему-л.;
бороться с кем-л., чем-л.;
относиться враждебно к кому-л., чему-л. > to put a bold * on smth. казаться уверенным в чем-л., не растеряться > to put a good * on smth. делать довольное лицо по поводу чего-л. малоприятного;
изображать что-л. в наилучшем виде, истолковывать что-л. в благоприятном свете > to put a new * on smth. представить что-л. в новом /другом/ свете > to run one's *, to travel on one's * (американизм) использовать приятную внешность, чтобы добиться продвижения, кредита и т. п.;
выезжать на хорошеньком личике > to stare smb. in the * бросаться в глаза, быть очевидным /явным/;
быть неминуемым /неотвратимым/ > death stared him in the * он был на пороге /на волосок от/ смерти > to fall on one's * провалиться( с треском) ;
оскандалиться;
потерпеть фиаско > a * as long as a fiddle унылое /мрачное/ лицо > the * is the index of the mind лицо - зеркало души > a fair * may hide a foul heart за приятной внешностью может скрываться низкая душонка > a good * is a letter of recommendation хорошее /приятное/ лицо - лучшая рекомендация находиться лицом к - they sat so as to * each other они сидели друг против друга /лицом друг к другу/ - the man now facing me человек, который сейчас находится передо мной - stand facing the light станьте лицом к свету быть обращенным к - the house *d eastwards дом выходил фасадом на восток - my window *s the street мое окно выходит на улицу - the picture *s page 7 рисунок к странице 7 смотреть в лицо - I can't * him now я не могу показаться ему на глаза - to * away отвернуться встречать (что-л.) смело;
смотреть в лицо (чему-л.) без страха - to * the ordeal стойко выдержать испытание - to * the facts смотреть в лицо фактам - to * danger мужественно встретить опасность - I can't * the disgrace of a failure я не смогу перенести позор провала - you'll have to * it yourself вам самому придется с этим справиться сталкиваться лицом к лицу (с чем-л.) - to be *d with a difficulty встретиться /столкнуться/ с трудностью - to be *d with bankruptcy оказаться перед угрозой банкротства - he was suddenly *d with the necessity of... он внезапно очутился перед необходимостью... - the problem now facing us проблема, стоящая сейчас перед нами отделывать (платье) - to * a coat with gold braid отделать мундир золотым галуном облицовывать - to * a building with marble облицевать здание мрамором - to * a table with rose-wood veneering фанеровать стол розовым деревом полировать;
обтачивать - this stone has not been properly *d этот камень плохо отполирован повертывать лицом вверх (игральную карту) (военное) скомандовать поворот - the captain *d his company left капитан скомандовал роте "налево" - right *! направо! подкрашивать (чай) > to * the knocker просить милостыню у дверей > to * the music храбро встречать трудности /неприятности/;
держать ответ, расплачиваться за свои действия ~ value номинальная стоимость( монеты, марки и т. п.) ;
to accept( или to take) (smth.) at its face value принимать( что-л.) за чистую монету back ~ вчт. невидимая поверхность before (smb.'s) ~ перед (самым) носом (у кого-л.) bold ~ выделительный шрифт bold ~ полигр. жирный шрифт ~ гримаса;
to draw (или to make) faces корчить рожи elite ~ вчт. элитная печать face: to set one's face (against smth.) (решительно) противиться (чему-л.) ~ уст. вид спереди;
фасад ~ внешний вид;
on the face of it судя по внешнему виду;
на первый взгляд;
to put a new face on представить все в новом свете;
придать другой вид;
to put a bold face on не растеряться ~ встречать смело;
смотреть в лицо без страха;
to face the facts смотреть в лицо фактам;
учитывать реальные обстоятельства ~ выражение лица;
a sad (или long) face печальный, мрачный вид ~ геом. грань ~ гримаса;
to draw (или to make) faces корчить рожи ~ горн. забой;
плоскость забоя ~ лицо;
лик;
физиономия ~ наглость;
to have the face (to say) иметь наглость (сказать что-л.) ;
to show a face вызывающе держаться ~ обкладывать, облицовывать (камнем) ~ облицовка ~ отделывать (платье) ~ полигр. очко (литеры) ~ передняя, лицевая сторона, лицо (медали и т. п.) ;
правая сторона (ткани;
тж. face of cloth) ~ тех. (лобовая) поверхность;
торец;
срез, фаска ~ подкрашивать (чай) ;
face about воен. поворачиваться кругом;
face down осадить;
запугать ~ полировать;
обтачивать ~ сталкиваться (с необходимостью) ;
наталкиваться( на трудности и т. п.) ;
to face a task стоять перед необходимостью решать задачу;
выполнить требование ~ стоять лицом (к чему-л.) ;
смотреть в лицо;
быть обращенным в определенную сторону;
to face page 20 к странице 20 (о рисунке) ~ спорт. струнная поверхность (теннисной ракетки) ;
to fling (или to cast, to throw) (smth.) in (smb.'s) face бросать в лицо ~ воен. фас;
right about face! направо кругом! ~ циферблат ~ стр. ширина (доски) ~ сталкиваться (с необходимостью) ;
наталкиваться (на трудности и т. п.) ;
to face a task стоять перед необходимостью решать задачу;
выполнить требование ~ card фигура( в картах) to ~ reality считаться( с реальной) действительностью;
to face danger подвергаться опасности ~ out выполнить (что-л.) ~ out не испугаться, выдержать смело ~ стоять лицом (к чему-л.) ;
смотреть в лицо;
быть обращенным в определенную сторону;
to face page 20 к странице 20 (о рисунке) to ~ reality считаться (с реальной) действительностью;
to face danger подвергаться опасности ~ встречать смело;
смотреть в лицо без страха;
to face the facts смотреть в лицо фактам;
учитывать реальные обстоятельства to ~ the music держать ответ, расплачиваться;
to face the knocker просить милостыню у дверей to ~ the music встречать, не дрогнув, критику или трудности to ~ the music держать ответ, расплачиваться;
to face the knocker просить милостыню у дверей ~ to ~ лицом к лицу ~ to ~ наедине, без посторонних to: ~ prep указывает на близость, соприкосновение( с чем-л.), соседство к, в;
shoulder to shoulder плечо к плечу;
face to face лицом к лицу ~ up быть готовым встретить (to) ~ up примириться( с чем-л.) неприятным (to) ~ value номинальная стоимость( монеты, марки и т. п.) ;
to accept (или to take) (smth.) at its face value принимать (что-л.) за чистую монету value: face ~ видимая, кажущаяся ценность face ~ нарицательная цена face ~ номинал face ~ номинальная, нарицательная стоимость face ~ номинальная стоимость ~ спорт. струнная поверхность (теннисной ракетки) ;
to fling (или to cast, to throw) (smth.) in (smb.'s) face бросать в лицо black( или blue, red) in the ~ обагровый (от гнева, усилий и т. п.) ;
full face анфас;
half face в профиль black (или blue, red) in the ~ обагровый (от гнева, усилий и т. п.) ;
full face анфас;
half face в профиль ~ наглость;
to have the face (to say) иметь наглость (сказать что-л.) ;
to show a face вызывающе держаться in the ~ of вопреки;
in (или to) (smb.'s) face открыто, в лицо, в глаза;
to laugh in (smb.'s) face открыто смеяться (над кем-л.) in the ~ of вопреки;
in (или to) (smb.'s) face открыто, в лицо, в глаза;
to laugh in (smb.'s) face открыто смеяться (над кем-л.) in the ~ of перед лицом to open one's ~ амер. заговорить, перестать отмалчиваться;
it's written all over his face = это у него на лбу написано straight ~ бесстрастное, ничего не выражающее лицо;
to keep a straight face сохранять невозмутимый вид in the ~ of вопреки;
in (или to) (smb.'s) face открыто, в лицо, в глаза;
to laugh in (smb.'s) face открыто смеяться (над кем-л.) to save one's ~ спасти репутацию, престиж;
избежать позора;
to lose face потерять престиж the man now facing me человек, который находится передо мной;
my windows face the sea мои окна выходят на море the man now facing me человек, который находится передо мной;
my windows face the sea мои окна выходят на море ~ внешний вид;
on the face of it судя по внешнему виду;
на первый взгляд;
to put a new face on представить все в новом свете;
придать другой вид;
to put a bold face on не растеряться to open one's ~ амер. заговорить, перестать отмалчиваться;
it's written all over his face = это у него на лбу написано pica ~ вчт. печать с плотностью 10 символов на дюйм poker ~ разг. бесстрастное, ничего не выражающее лицо ~ внешний вид;
on the face of it судя по внешнему виду;
на первый взгляд;
to put a new face on представить все в новом свете;
придать другой вид;
to put a bold face on не растеряться ~ внешний вид;
on the face of it судя по внешнему виду;
на первый взгляд;
to put a new face on представить все в новом свете;
придать другой вид;
to put a bold face on не растеряться ~ воен. фас;
right about face! направо кругом! ~ выражение лица;
a sad (или long) face печальный, мрачный вид to save one's ~ спасти репутацию, престиж;
избежать позора;
to lose face потерять престиж face: to set one's face (against smth.) (решительно) противиться (чему-л.) ~ наглость;
to have the face (to say) иметь наглость (сказать что-л.) ;
to show a face вызывающе держаться straight ~ бесстрастное, ничего не выражающее лицо;
to keep a straight face сохранять невозмутимый вид to travel on (или to run) one's ~ амер. использовать располагающую внешность для достижения цели;
выезжать на смазливой мордочке type ~ вчт. начертание шрифта

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > face
20 order

1. noun
1) (sequence) Reihenfolge, die

word order — Wortstellung, die

in order of importance/size/age — nach Wichtigkeit/Größe/Alter

put something in order — etwas [in der richtigen Reihenfolge] ordnen

keep something in order — etwas in der richtigen Reihenfolge halten

answer the questions in order — die Fragen der Reihe nach beantworten

out of order — nicht in der richtigen Reihenfolge

2) (normal state) Ordnung, die

put or set something/one's affairs in order — Ordnung in etwas bringen/seine Angelegenheiten ordnen

be/not be in order — in Ordnung/nicht in Ordnung sein (ugs.)

be out of/in order — (not in/in working condition) nicht funktionieren/funktionieren

‘out of order’ — "außer Betrieb"

in good/bad order — in gutem/schlechtem Zustand

in working order — betriebsfähig

3) in sing. and pl. (command) Anweisung, die; Anordnung, die; (Mil.) Befehl, der; (Law) Beschluss, der; Verfügung, die

my orders are to..., I have orders to... — ich habe Anweisung zu...

while following orders — bei Befolgung der Anweisung

act on orders — auf Befehl handeln

orders are orders — Befehl ist Befehl

court order — Gerichtsbeschluss, der

by order of — auf Anordnung (+ Gen.)

4)

in order to do something — um etwas zu tun

in order that somebody should do something — damit jemand etwas tut

5) (Commerc.) Auftrag, der ( for über + Akk.); Bestellung, die ( for Gen.); Order, die (Kaufmannsspr.); (to waiter, ordered goods) Bestellung, die

place an order [with somebody] — [jemandem] einen Auftrag erteilen

have something on order — etwas bestellt haben

made to order — nach Maß angefertigt, maßgeschneidert [Kleidung]

6) (law-abiding state)

keep order — Ordnung [be]wahren; see also academic.ru/42004/law">law 2)

7) (Eccl.) Orden, der

holy orders — heilige Weihen

8)

Order! Order! — zur Ordnung!; Ruhe bitte!

Call somebody/the meeting to order — jemanden/die Versammlung zur Ordnung rufen

point of order — Verfahrensfrage, die

be in order — zulässig sein; (fig.) [Forderung:] berechtigt sein; [Drink, Erklärung:] angebracht sein

it is in order for him to do that — (fig.) es ist in Ordnung, wenn er das tut (ugs.)

be out of order — (unacceptable) gegen die Geschäftsordnung verstoßen; [Verhalten, Handlung:] unzulässig sein

9) (kind, degree) Klasse, die; Art, die

10) (Finance) Order, die

[banker's] order — [Bank]anweisung, die

‘pay to the order of...’ — "zahlbar an..." (+ Akk.)

11)

order [of magnitude] — Größenordnung, die

of or in the order of... — in der Größenordnung von...

a scoundrel of the first order — (fig. coll.) ein Schurke ersten Ranges
2. transitive verb
1) (command) befehlen; anordnen; [Richter:] verfügen; verordnen [Arznei, Ruhe usw.]

order somebody to do something — jemanden anweisen/(Milit.) jemandem befehlen, etwas zu tun

order something [to be] done — anordnen, dass etwas getan wird

order somebody out of the house — jemanden aus dem Haus weisen

2) (direct the supply of) bestellen ( from bei); ordern [Kaufmannsspr.]

order in advance — vorbestellen

3) (arrange) ordnen

Phrasal Verbs:

- order about

- order off

* * *
['o:də] 1. noun
1) (a statement (by a person in authority) of what someone must do; a command: He gave me my orders.) die Anordnung

2) (an instruction to supply something: orders from Germany for special gates.) der Auftrag

3) (something supplied: Your order is nearly ready.) die Bestellung

4) (a tidy state: The house is in (good) order.) ordentlicher Zustand

5) (a system or method: I must have order in my life.) die Ordnung

6) (an arrangement (of people, things etc) in space, time etc: in alphabetical order; in order of importance.) die Reihenfolge

7) (a peaceful condition: law and order.) öffentliche Ordnung

8) (a written instruction to pay money: a banker's order.) die Order

9) (a group, class, rank or position: This is a list of the various orders of plants; the social order.) die Ordnung

10) (a religious society, especially of monks: the Benedictine order.) der Orden
2. verb
1) (to tell (someone) to do something (from a position of authority): He ordered me to stand up.) befehlen

2) (to give an instruction to supply: I have ordered some new furniture from the shop; He ordered a steak.) bestellen

3) (to put in order: Should we order these alphabetically?) ordnen

•

- orderly
3. noun
1) (a hospital attendant who does routine jobs.) der/die Sanitäter(in)

2) (a soldier who carries an officer's orders and messages.) der Offiziersbursche

•

- orderliness
- order-form
- in order
- in order that
- in order
- in order to
- made to order
- on order
- order about
- out of order
- a tall order
* * *

or·der

[ˈɔ:dəʳ, AM ˈɔ:rdɚ]

I. NOUN

1. no pl (being tidy, organized) Ordnung f

to bring some \order into a system/one's life etwas Ordnung in ein System/sein Leben bringen

in \order in Ordnung

to leave sth in \order etw in [einem] ordentlichem Zustand hinterlassen

to put sth in \order etw ordnen [o in Ordnung bringen]

to put one's affairs in \order seine Angelegenheiten ordnen [o in Ordnung bringen

2. no pl (sequence) Reihenfolge f

the children lined up in \order of age die Kinder stellten sich dem Alter nach auf

in \order of preference in der bevorzugten Reihenfolge

in alphabetical/chronological/reverse \order in alphabetischer/chronologischer/umgekehrter Reihenfolge

to sort sth in \order of date/importance/price etw nach Datum/Wichtigkeit/Preis sortieren

to be out of \order durcheinandergeraten sein

running \order BRIT Programm nt, Programmablauf m

word \order Wortstellung f

3. (command) Befehl m, Anordnung f; LAW Verfügung f; COMPUT Anweisung f, Befehl m

\orders are \orders Befehl ist Befehl

they are under \orders to maintain silence sie sind gehalten, Schweigen zu bewahren geh

court \order richterliche Verfügung, Gerichtsbeschluss m

doctor's \orders ärztliche Anweisung

by \order of the police auf polizeiliche Anordnung hin

to give/receive an \order eine Anweisung [o einen Befehl] erteilen/erhalten

to take \orders from sb von jdm Anweisungen entgegennehmen

I won't take \order from you! du hast mir gar nichts zu befehlen!

if you don't learn to take \orders, you're going to have a hard time wenn du nicht lernst, dir etwas sagen zu lassen, wirst du es schwer haben

4. (in a restaurant) Bestellung f; (portion) Portion f

your \order will be ready in a minute, sir Ihre Bestellung kommt gleich!

we'll take three \orders of chicken nuggets wir nehmen drei Mal die Chickennuggets

to take an \order eine Bestellung entgegennehmen

5. COMM (request) Bestellung f; (to make sth also) Auftrag m

to be on \order bestellt sein

done [or made] to \order auf Bestellung [o nach Auftrag] [an]gefertigt

to put in an \order eine Bestellung aufgeben; (to make sth also) einen Auftrag erteilen

to take an \order eine Bestellung aufnehmen; (to make sth also) einen Auftrag aufnehmen

6. FIN Zahlungsanweisung f, Order m fachspr

pay to the \order of Mr Smith zahlbar an Herrn Smith

banker's [or standing] \order Dauerauftrag m

money \order Postanweisung f

7. STOCKEX Order m

market \order Bestensauftrag m fachspr

stop-loss \order Stop-Loss-Auftrag m fachspr

good-till-canceled \order AM Auftrag m bis auf Widerruf

fill or kill \order Sofortauftrag m

8. no pl (observance of rules, correct behaviour) Ordnung f; (discipline) Disziplin f

\order! [\order!] please quieten down! Ruhe bitte! seien Sie bitte leise!

to be in \order in Ordnung sein

is it in \order for me to park my car here? ist es in Ordnung, wenn ich mein Auto hier parke?

to be out of \order BRIT ( fam) person sich akk danebenbenehmen fam; behaviour aus dem Rahmen fallen, nicht in Ordnung sein

your behaviour was well out of \order dein Verhalten fiel ziemlich aus dem Rahmen [o war absolut nicht in Ordnung]

you were definitely out of \order du hast dich völlig danebenbenommen fam

to keep [a class in] \order [in einer Klasse] Ordnung wahren; (maintain discipline) die Disziplin [in einer Klasse] aufrechterhalten

to restore \order die Ordnung wiederherstellen

9. no pl POL, ADMIN (prescribed procedure) Verfahrensweise f; (in the House of Commons) Geschäftsordnung f

\order of the day Tagesordnung f, Traktandenliste f SCHWEIZ

to bring a meeting to \order eine Sitzung zur Rückkehr zur Tagesordnung aufrufen

to raise a point of \order eine Anfrage zur Geschäftsordnung haben

rules of \order Verfahrensregeln pl

\order of service Gottesdienstordnung f

to call to \order das Zeichen zum Beginn geben

to call a meeting to \order (ask to behave) eine Versammlung zur Ordnung rufen; (open officially) einen Sitzung eröffnen

10. no pl (condition) Zustand f

to be in good \order sich in gutem Zustand befinden, in einem guten Zustand sein; (work well) in Ordnung sein, gut funktionieren

to be in working [or running] \order (ready for use) funktionsbereit [o betriebsbereit] sein; (functioning) funktionieren

to be out of \order (not ready for use) nicht betriebsbereit sein; (not working) nicht funktionieren, kaputt sein fam

“out of \order” „außer Betrieb“

11. no pl (intention)

▪ in \order to do sth um etw zu tun

he came home early in \order to see the children er kam früh nach Hause, um die Kinder zu sehen

▪ in \order for... damit...

in \order for us to do our work properly, you have to supply us with the parts wenn korrekt arbeiten sollen, müssen Sie uns die Teile liefern

▪ in \order that... damit...

in \order that you get into college, you have to study hard um aufs College gehen zu können, musst du viel lernen

12. (type) Art f; (dimension)

\order [of magnitude] Größenordnung f

of a completely different \order (type) völlig anderer Art; (dimension) in einer völlig anderen Größenordnung

of the highest \order (quantity) hochgradig; (quality) von höchster Qualität

of [or in] the \order of sth in der Größenordnung einer S. gen

this project will cost in the \order of £5000 das Projekt wird ungefähr 500 Pfund kosten

13. (system, constitution) Ordnung f

a new world \order eine neue Weltordnung

14. usu pl BRIT (social class) Schicht f; (social rank) [gesellschaftlicher] Rang

the higher/lower \orders die oberen/unteren Bevölkerungsschichten

15. BIOL (category) Ordnung f

16. REL (society) [geistlicher] Orden

Jesuit O\order Jesuitenorden m

17. (elite) Orden m

O\order of the Garters Hosenbandorden m

O\order of Merit Verdienstorden m

Masonic O\order Freimaurerloge f

18. ARCHIT Säulenordnung f

Doric/Ionic \order dorische/ionische Säulenordnung

19. MATH Ordnung f

equations of the second \order Ableitungen erster Ordnung pl

20. REL (priesthood)

▪ \orders pl Weihe f

to take the \orders die Weihe empfangen

21.

▶ to be the \order of the day an der Tagesordnung sein

II. INTRANSITIVE VERB

bestellen

are you ready to \order? möchten Sie schon bestellen?

III. TRANSITIVE VERB

1. (decide, decree)

▪ to \order sth etw anordnen [o befehlen]

police \ordered the disco closed die Polizei ordnete die Schließung der Diskothek an

2. (command)

▪ to \order sb to do sth jdm befehlen [o jdn anweisen] etw zu tun

the doctor \ordered him to stay in bed der Arzt verordnete ihm Bettruhe

▪ to \order sb out jdn zum Verlassen auffordern, jdn hinausbeordern

3. (in a restaurant)

▪ to \order sth etw bestellen

4. COMM (request)

▪ to \order sth etw bestellen; (to be made also) etw in Auftrag geben

5. (arrange)

▪ to \order sth etw ordnen

to \order one's thoughts seine Gedanken ordnen

* * *
['ɔːdə(r)]
1. n

1) (= sequence) (Reihen)folge f, (An)ordnung f

word order — Wortstellung f, Wortfolge f

are they in order/in the right order? — sind sie geordnet/in der richtigen Reihenfolge?

in order of preference/merit — in der bevorzugten/in der ihren Auszeichnungen entsprechenden Reihenfolge

to put sth in (the right) order — etw ordnen

to be in the wrong order or out of order — durcheinander sein; (one item) nicht am richtigen Platz sein

to get out of order — durcheinandergeraten; (one item) an eine falsche Stelle kommen

See:

→ cast

2) (= system) Ordnung f

there's no order in his work — seiner Arbeit fehlt die Systematik

he has no sense of order — er hat kein Gefühl für Systematik or Methode

the order of the world — die Weltordnung

it is in the order of things — es liegt in der Natur der Dinge

a new social/political order — eine neue soziale/politische Ordnung

3) (= tidy or satisfactory state) Ordnung f

his passport was in order — sein Pass war in Ordnung

to put or set one's life/affairs in order — Ordnung in sein Leben/seine Angelegenheiten bringen

4) (= discipline) (in society) Ordnung f; (in school, team) Disziplin f, Ordnung f

to keep order — die Ordnung wahren, die Disziplin aufrechterhalten

to keep the children in order — die Kinder unter Kontrolle halten

or the courtroom (US)! — Ruhe im Gerichtssaal!

order, order! — Ruhe!

5) (= working condition) Zustand m

to be in good order — in gutem Zustand sein

to be out of/in order (car, radio, telephone) — nicht funktionieren/funktionieren; (machine, lift also) außer/in Betrieb sein

"out of order" — "außer Betrieb"

See:

→ working

6) (= command) Befehl m, Order f (old, hum)

by order of the court — laut gerichtlicher Anweisung

orders are orders — Befehl ist Befehl

"no parking/smoking by order" — "Parken/Rauchen verboten!"

"no parking - by order of the Town Council" — "Parken verboten - die Stadtverwaltung"

by order of the minister — auf Anordnung des Ministers

I don't take orders from anyone — ich lasse mir von niemandem befehlen

to be under orders to do sth — Instruktionen haben, etw zu tun

until further orders — bis auf weiteren Befehl

7) (in restaurant etc COMM) Bestellung f; (= contract to manufacture or supply) Auftrag m

to place an order with sb — eine Bestellung bei jdm aufgeben or machen/jdm einen Auftrag geben

to put sth on order — etw in Bestellung/Auftrag geben

to be on order — bestellt sein

two orders of French fries (esp US) — zwei Portionen Pommes frites

made to order — auf Bestellung (gemacht or hergestellt)

8) (FIN)

to order — Orderscheck m, Namensscheck m

pay to the order of — zahlbar an (+acc)

pay X or Order — (zahlbar) an X oder dessen Order

9)

in order to do sth — um etw zu tun

in order that — damit

10)

(= correct procedure at meeting PARL ETC) a point of order — eine Verfahrensfrage

to be out of order — gegen die Verfahrensordnung verstoßen; ( Jur : evidence ) unzulässig sein; (fig) aus dem Rahmen fallen

to call sb to order — jdn ermahnen, sich an die Verfahrensordnung zu halten

to call the meeting/delegates to order —

an explanation/a drink would seem to be in order — eine Erklärung/ein Drink wäre angebracht

congratulations are in order — Glückwünsche sind angebracht

is it in order for me to go to Paris? — ist es in Ordnung, wenn ich nach Paris fahre?

his demand is quite in order — seine Forderung ist völlig berechtigt

what's the order of the day? — was steht auf dem Programm (also fig) or auf der Tagesordnung?; (Mil) wie lautet der Tagesbefehl?

11) (ARCHIT) Säulenordnung f; (fig = class, degree) Art f

intelligence of a high or the first order — hochgradige Intelligenz

the present crisis is of a different order — die gegenwärtige Krise ist andersgeartet

something in the order of ten per cent — in der Größenordnung von zehn Prozent

something in the order of one in ten applicants — etwa einer von zehn Bewerbern

12) (MIL: formation) Ordnung f

13) (social) Schicht f

the higher/lower orders — die oberen/unteren Schichten

the order of baronets — der Freiherrnstand

14) (ECCL of monks etc) Orden m

Benedictine order — Benediktinerorden m

15) orderspl

(holy) orders (Eccl) — Weihe(n) f(pl); (of priesthood) Priesterweihe f

to take (holy) orders — die Weihen empfangen

he is in (holy) orders — er gehört dem geistlichen Stand an

16) (= honour, society of knights) Orden m

Order of Merit (Brit) — Verdienstorden m

See:

→ garter

2. vt

1) (= command, decree) sth befehlen, anordnen; (= prescribe doctor) verordnen (for sb jdm)

to order sb to do sth — jdn etw tun heißen (geh), jdm befehlen or (doctor) verordnen, etw zu tun; (esp Mil) jdn dazu beordern, etw zu tun

to order sb's arrest —

he was ordered to be quiet (in public) the army was ordered to retreat — man befahl ihm, still zu sein er wurde zur Ruhe gerufen dem Heer wurde der Rückzug befohlen

he ordered his gun to be brought (to him) — er ließ sich (dat) sein Gewehr bringen

to order sb out/home — jdn heraus-/heimbeordern (form, hum) or -rufen

2) (= direct, arrange) one's affairs, life ordnen

to order arms (Mil) — das Gewehr abnehmen

3) (COMM ETC) goods, dinner, taxi bestellen; (to be manufactured) ship, suit, machinery etc in Auftrag geben (from sb bei jdm)

3. vi
bestellen
* * *

order [ˈɔː(r)də(r)]

A s

1. Ordnung f, geordneter Zustand:

love of order Ordnungsliebe f;

bring some order into Ordnung bringen in (akk);

keep order Ordnung halten; → Bes Redew

2. (öffentliche) Ordnung:

order was restored die Ordnung wurde wiederhergestellt

3. Ordnung f ( auch BIOL Kategorie), System n ( auch BOT):

the old order was upset die alte Ordnung wurde umgestoßen

4. (An)Ordnung f, Reihenfolge f:

order of precedence ( oder priority) Rangordnung;

in order of importance nach Wichtigkeit; → alphabetic

5. Ordnung f, Aufstellung f:

in close (open) order MIL in geschlossener (geöffneter) Ordnung

6. MIL vorschriftsmäßige Uniform und Ausrüstung: → marching A

7. PARL etc (Geschäfts)Ordnung f:

a call to order ein Ordnungsruf;

call to order zur Ordnung rufen;

rise to (a point of) order zur Geschäftsordnung sprechen;

rule sb out of order jemandem das Wort entziehen;

order of the day, order of business Tagesordnung ( → A 10);

be the order of the day auf der Tagesordnung stehen (a. fig);

pass to the order of the day zur Tagesordnung übergehen

8. Zustand m:

in bad order nicht in Ordnung, in schlechtem Zustand;

in good order in Ordnung, in gutem Zustand

9. LING (Satz)Stellung f, Wortfolge f

10. Befehl m, Instruktion f ( beide auch IT), Anordnung f:

orders are orders Befehl ist Befehl;

order in council POL Br Kabinettsbefehl;

give orders ( oder an order, the order) for sth to be done ( oder that sth [should] be done) Befehl geben, etwas zu tun oder dass etwas getan werde;

order of the day MIL Tagesbefehl ( → A 7); → marching A

11. Verfügung f, Befehl m, Auftrag m:

order to pay Zahlungsbefehl, -anweisung f;

order of remittance Überweisungsauftrag

12. JUR (Gerichts) Beschluss m, Verfügung f, Befehl m:

release order Freilassungsbeschluss; → mandamus

13. Art f, Klasse f, Grad m, Rang m:

of a high order von hohem Rang;

of quite another order von ganz anderer Art

14. MATH Ordnung f, Grad m:

equation of the first order Gleichung f ersten Grades

15. (Größen)Ordnung f:

of ( oder in) (US on) the order of in der Größenordnung von

16. Klasse f, (Gesellschafts)Schicht f:

the military order der Soldatenstand

17. a) Orden m (Gemeinschaft von Personen)

b) (geistlicher) Orden:

the Franciscan Order der Franziskanerorden

c) auch order of knighthood HIST (Ritter)Orden m

18. Orden m:

Knight of the Order of the Garter Ritter m des Hosenbandordens; → bath² A 7, thistle

19. Ordenszeichen n: → Order of Merit 1

20. REL

a) Weihe(stufe) f:

major orders höhere Weihen

b) pl, meist holy orders (heilige) Weihen pl, Priesterweihe f:

take (holy) orders die heiligen Weihen empfangen, in den geistlichen Stand treten;

be in (holy) orders dem geistlichen Stand angehören

21. REL Ordnung f (der Messe etc):

order of confession Beichtordnung

22. Ordnung f, Chor m (der Engel):

Order of the Seraphim

23. ARCH (Säulen)Ordnung f:

Doric order dorische Säulenordnung

24. ARCH Stil m

25. WIRTSCH Bestellung f (auch Ware), Auftrag m ( for für):

give ( oder place) an order einen Auftrag erteilen, eine Bestellung aufgeben oder machen;

make to order

a) auf Bestellung anfertigen,

b) nach Maß anfertigen;

shoes made to order Maßschuhe; → tall A 4

26. a) Bestellung f (im Restaurant etc):

last orders, please Br die letzten Bestellungen!, (etwa) Polizeistunde!

b) umg Portion f

27. WIRTSCH Order f (Zahlungsauftrag):

pay to sb’s order an jemandes Order zahlen;

pay to the order of (Wechselindossament) für mich an (akk);

payable to order zahlbar an Order;

own order eigene Order;

check (Br cheque) to order Orderscheck m

28. besonders Br Einlassschein m, besonders Freikarte f

B v/t

1. jemandem oder eine Sache befehlen, etwas anordnen:

he ordered the bridge to be built er befahl, die Brücke zu bauen;

he ordered him to come er befahl ihm zu kommen, er ließ ihn kommen

2. jemanden schicken, beordern ( beide:

to nach):

order sb home jemanden nach Hause schicken;

order sb out of one’s house jemanden aus seinem Haus weisen;

order sb off the field SPORT jemanden vom Platz stellen

3. MED jemandem etwas verordnen:

order sb to (stay in) bed jemandem Bettruhe verordnen

4. Bücher, ein Glas Bier etc bestellen

5. regeln, leiten, führen

6. MIL das Gewehr bei Fuß stellen:

order arms! Gewehr ab!

7. fig ordnen:

order one’s affairs seine Angelegenheiten in Ordnung bringen, sein Haus bestellen;

an ordered life ein geordnetes Leben

C v/i

1. befehlen, Befehle geben

2. Auftäge erteilen, Bestellungen machen:

are you ready to order now? (im Restaurant) haben Sie schon gewählt?;

have you ordered yet? (im Restaurant) haben Sie schon bestellt?Besondere Redewendungen: at the order MIL Gewehr bei Fuß;

by order

a) befehls- oder auftragsgemäß,

b) im Auftrag (abk i.A.; vor der Unterschrift) by ( oder on) order of

a) auf Befehl von (od gen),

b) im Auftrag von (od gen),

c) WIRTSCH auf Order von (od gen) in order

a) in Ordnung (a. fig gut, richtig),

b) der Reihe nach, in der richtigen Reihenfolge,

c) in Übereinstimmung mit der Geschäftsordnung, zulässig,

d) angebracht in order to um zu;

the meeting has been adjourned in order for me to prepare my speech damit ich meine Rede vorbereiten kann;

in order that … damit …;

in short order US umg sofort, unverzüglich;

keep in order in Ordnung halten, instand halten;

put in order in Ordnung bringen;

set in order ordnen;

on order WIRTSCH

a) auf oder bei Bestellung,

b) bestellt, in Auftrag on the order of

a) nach Art von (od gen),

b) auch on orders of WIRTSCH bei Abnahme oder Bezug von (od gen)

c) auch on orders of auf Befehl von (od gen) out of order nicht in Ordnung:

a) in Unordnung,

b) defekt,

c) MED gestört,

d) im Widerspruch zur Geschäftsordnung, unzulässig I know I am out of order in saying that … ich weiß, es ist unangebracht, wenn ich sage, dass …;

till further orders

a) bis auf weiteren Befehl,

b) bis auf Weiteres order

a) befehlsgemäß,

b) auftragsgemäß,

c) → A 25,

d) → A 27 be under ( oder have) orders to do sth Befehl oder Order haben, etwas zu tun;

be just under orders nur Befehle ausführen;

my orders are to do sth ich habe Befehl, etwas zu tun

ord. abk

1. order

2. ordinal

3. ordinance

4. ordinary gewöhnl.

* * *
1. noun
1) (sequence) Reihenfolge, die

word order — Wortstellung, die

in order of importance/size/age — nach Wichtigkeit/Größe/Alter

put something in order — etwas [in der richtigen Reihenfolge] ordnen

keep something in order — etwas in der richtigen Reihenfolge halten

answer the questions in order — die Fragen der Reihe nach beantworten

out of order — nicht in der richtigen Reihenfolge

2) (normal state) Ordnung, die

put or set something/one's affairs in order — Ordnung in etwas bringen/seine Angelegenheiten ordnen

be/not be in order — in Ordnung/nicht in Ordnung sein (ugs.)

be out of/in order — (not in/in working condition) nicht funktionieren/funktionieren

‘out of order’ — "außer Betrieb"

in good/bad order — in gutem/schlechtem Zustand

in working order — betriebsfähig

3) in sing. and pl. (command) Anweisung, die; Anordnung, die; (Mil.) Befehl, der; (Law) Beschluss, der; Verfügung, die

my orders are to..., I have orders to... — ich habe Anweisung zu...

while following orders — bei Befolgung der Anweisung

act on orders — auf Befehl handeln

orders are orders — Befehl ist Befehl

court order — Gerichtsbeschluss, der

by order of — auf Anordnung (+ Gen.)

4)

in order to do something — um etwas zu tun

in order that somebody should do something — damit jemand etwas tut

5) (Commerc.) Auftrag, der ( for über + Akk.); Bestellung, die ( for Gen.); Order, die (Kaufmannsspr.); (to waiter, ordered goods) Bestellung, die

place an order [with somebody] — [jemandem] einen Auftrag erteilen

have something on order — etwas bestellt haben

made to order — nach Maß angefertigt, maßgeschneidert [Kleidung]

6) (law-abiding state)

keep order — Ordnung [be]wahren; see also law 2)

7) (Eccl.) Orden, der

holy orders — heilige Weihen

8)

Order! Order! — zur Ordnung!; Ruhe bitte!

Call somebody/the meeting to order — jemanden/die Versammlung zur Ordnung rufen

point of order — Verfahrensfrage, die

be in order — zulässig sein; (fig.) [Forderung:] berechtigt sein; [Drink, Erklärung:] angebracht sein

it is in order for him to do that — (fig.) es ist in Ordnung, wenn er das tut (ugs.)

be out of order — (unacceptable) gegen die Geschäftsordnung verstoßen; [Verhalten, Handlung:] unzulässig sein

9) (kind, degree) Klasse, die; Art, die

10) (Finance) Order, die

[banker's] order — [Bank]anweisung, die

‘pay to the order of...’ — "zahlbar an..." (+ Akk.)

11)

order [of magnitude] — Größenordnung, die

of or in the order of... — in der Größenordnung von...

a scoundrel of the first order — (fig. coll.) ein Schurke ersten Ranges
2. transitive verb
1) (command) befehlen; anordnen; [Richter:] verfügen; verordnen [Arznei, Ruhe usw.]

order somebody to do something — jemanden anweisen/(Milit.) jemandem befehlen, etwas zu tun

order something [to be] done — anordnen, dass etwas getan wird

order somebody out of the house — jemanden aus dem Haus weisen

2) (direct the supply of) bestellen ( from bei); ordern [Kaufmannsspr.]

order in advance — vorbestellen

3) (arrange) ordnen

Phrasal Verbs:

- order about

- order off

* * *

n.

Auftrag -¨e m.

Befehl -e m.

Grad -e m.

Kommando -s n.

Ordnung -en (Mathematik) f.

Ordnung -en f. v.

anfordern (commerce) v.

anordnen v.

befehlen v.

(§ p.,pp.: befahl, befohlen)

bestellen v.

English-german dictionary > order

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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to be one of the elite

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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to be one of the elite

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